财政政策与货币政策协调浅析

一、宏观经济政策的两种选择和两种结果 从目前我国经济的发展趋势来看,宏观政策可能有两种不同的选择,也有两种不同的结果。实行扩张经济性政策,适当调低汇率,增加货币供给,解决银行坏帐问题,使物价有所上升,经济会不断恢复,增长速度回升,利率水平随之上升。实行适度从紧的经济政策,汇率保持不变,经济将继续保持低速增长,通货紧缩的状况不会改变,利率水平较低。这时如果增加货币供给,就要首先增加外汇储备,但并不会解决通货紧缩的问题。如果是后一种结果,就会出现类似日本的情况,而且中国是否能够在低生产、低消费、低物价、低利率的条件下长期维持仍然是一个问题。 二、财政政策和货币政策之间的选择     

论我国近期财政政策与货币政策的配合

“九五”期间,我国成功地治理了通货膨胀,实现了经济运行的“软着陆”,取得的成就举世瞩目。但由于受东南亚金融危机帮国内诸方面的影响,我国曾出现了同需不足,经济疲软的态势,尽管政府采取了一系列货币政策措施,其拉动需求的效果均不明显,导致政府不得不启动了力度较大的财政政策。现行财政政策实施效果如何？近期我国应采取何种财政政策？本文重点进行探讨。     

我国财政政策与货币政策的应用研究

本文研究了我国财政理论及其框架的创新与发展,进而分析了财政政策在国家宏观调控下的一系列发展和转变,对财政政策与货币政策等其他宏观调控政策的配合与应用进行了研究.研究目的在于分析财政政策在国民经济调节体系中的政策走向和作用,说明财政政策与货币政策的配合要有利于维护国内经济的稳健运行,应对来自外部的冲击.     

国外经济援助与资本积累及国民福利

利用交叠世代模型研究国外经济援助对于受援国资本积累和国民福利的影响发现,除非国外援助的规模随受援国的人口增长而同步增长(或增长得更快),否则不会改变受援国经济的长期均衡,也不会对受援国的国民福利产生持久的影响。因此,旨在促进发展中国家的经济增长、改善其福利水平的对外援助,不宜采用单纯的财富转移方式,最好采取技术扶持和人力资本培训相结合的方式,通过促进受援国的技术进步来改变受援国经济的长期均衡,从而达到推动受援国经济增长,改善其福利状况的目的。     

探析财政政策与货币政策的配合

财政政策是政府为实现一定宏观经济目标而调整财政收支规模和收支平衡的原则和措施。货币政策是政府为实现一定宏观经济目标所制定的关于货币供应的基本方针和措施。本文主要就财政政策与货币政策的配合进行分析。     

Foreign Aid,Government Spending,and the Environment

Using an endogenous growth model, this paper examines the growth and welfare effects of the allocation of foreign aid in the recipient economy. As public inputs are a productive factor, a rise in the allocation of aid to the public inputs increases growth and hence the welfare of the economy. However, raising the ratio of aid to pollution abatement may not help an economy, because it crowds out public inputs. Since public inputs are also partly financed by income taxation, the welfare‐maximizing income tax rate is larger than the growth‐maximizing rate, because a portion of the aid constitutes a lump‐sum transfer and can increase household consumption and hence welfare.     

灾难冲击与我国最优财政货币政策选择

本文通过引入政府生产性支出拓展了包含灾难冲击的新凯恩斯DSGE模型,数值分析表明,相对于不含政府生产性支出的灾难冲击模型,该模型能够更好地拟合中国宏观经济波动等基本特征。在此基础上,本文分别在规则行事与相机抉择两种情形下对比分析了我国面对灾难冲击时的最优财政货币政策选择问题,研究发现:(1)应对灾难冲击时,相对于相机抉择,规则行事造成的经济福利损失较低;(2)政府生产性支出可以在一定程度上降低灾难冲击对消费和产出等宏观经济变量的影响,但同时会弱化债务对灾难冲击的吸收作用;(3)引入通货膨胀惩罚(或厌恶)后政府可以更多地倚重于债务发行来吸收外部不利冲击,从而缓解相机抉择下的时间不一致性问题,减少经济福利损失。     

不同汇率制度下的货币政策、财政政策与最优货币区

本文讨论了１９９９年度诺贝尔经济学奖获得者－芒德尔的主要理论贡献及其现实意义,芒德尔的开放经济中的稳定政策理论认为：稳定政策的效果取决于汇率制度。在浮动汇率制度下,货币政策是有力的而财政政策是无力的;在固定汇率制度下,财政政策是有力的而货币政策是无力的。最优货币区的判别理论为研究欧洲货币联盟（ＥＭＵ）优缺点的研究人员提供了起点。     

公共资本性支出、经常性支出与内生经济增长

本文基于一个含有两类不同产出能力的公共商品的内生增长模型,通过数理分析得出在市场经济条件下最优公共支出结构的依据是公共商品各自的产出弹性.进而采用面板数据模型对13个发达国家1972～2009年的公共支出实践进行了实证研究.实证结果表明,经常性(资本性)支出对经济增长有正(负)效应.该研究结论为平衡预算下的公共支出结构决策提供了参考依据.     

Monetary and Fiscal Management, Finance, and Growth

This paper addresses three related aspects of monetary and fiscal management in Europe and elsewhere. First, I discuss the implications of economic integration for monetary and fiscal policy, especially the narrow focus on low inflation as the main objective of monetary policy. I argue that because inflation springs from several sources, monetary authorities held responsible by law for maintaining low inflation need to exercise their newfound independence by reserving the right to address all sources of inflation. In this context, I also ponder the question as to whether the increased independence of fiscal policy from short-term political interference would be desirable. Second, I present new empirical evidence of the relationship between inflation, finance, and economic growth across countries, arguing that long-run growth considerations provide an important additional justification for why price stability ought to remain a priority of independent policy makers. Third, I review some further aspects of the relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth, emphasizing the traditional three-pronged role of fiscal management: stabilization, allocation, and distribution, all of which can be conducive to growth. The argument leads to the conclusion that only the stabilization function of fiscal policy and, perhaps, some aspects of the allocation function as well could be usefully delegated in an attempt to immunize them from shortsighted and socially counter-productive political interference, but not the distribution function.     

Public Debt,Productive Public Spending and Endogenous Growth

We analyse the effects of public debt in a basic endogenous growth model with productive public spending. We demonstrate that a discretionary policy in general violates the intertemporal government budget constraint along a balanced growth path. A balanced government budget gives a unique saddle point stable growth path. With a rule‐based policy, two saddle point stable balanced growth paths can occur, depending on the intertemporal elasticity of substitution of consumption and on the primary surplus policy. Higher debt goes along with smaller long‐run growth and we derive a condition such that a deficit‐financed increase in public spending raises the growth rate.     

On the Time Inconsistency of Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policies with Many Consumer Goods*

In this paper, we study the time consistency of optimal policies in an environment where agents use cash to purchase many consumer goods and where those goods might be taxed at differential rates. Our main result is that optimal monetary and fiscal policies are, in general, time‐inconsistent, because the number of bond instruments is insufficient to influence all future fiscal decisions. However, there is one special case where optimal policies are time‐consistent, which is when differential tax rates across cash goods are optimally zero.     

人口老龄化影响财政与货币政策的有效性吗?

文章将人口结构、财政支出结构和货币政策引入新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡框架,重点分析了人口老龄化对我国宏观调控经济政策的影响.研究结果显示:除了人口老龄化自身对经济增长的负面影响,留给宏观调控政策的腾挪空间也越发有限?影响政策调控的有效性,增加政策实施的成本.(1)除了加重财政养老负担,人口老龄化更损害财政刺激效果和财政绩效质量,限制政府实施反周期政策的能力,压缩财政政策发挥的空间;(2)老年人主导的社会对通货膨胀的容忍度将不断下调,势必削弱货币政策刺激总需求能力,增加政策实施成本,迫使中央银行改变货币政策操作方式,可能采取更激进措施以实现相同效果,强化金融脆弱性;(3)相比增加人口生育率,提高劳动参与率既是缓解短期财政养老负担、保障养老融资可持续性的关键,也是有效增加劳动供给、改善政策发挥生态环境,进而提高财政政策与货币政策有效性的权宜之计.     

European Monetary and Fiscal Policies after the EU Enlargement

This paper examines the design of macroeconomic policies after Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) have joined the EU. We consider scenarios with and without CEECs being members of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and analyze consequences of different intermediate targets for the European Central Bank. For the fiscal policy variables, we assume that the governments of incumbent and new members either refrain from pursuing active stabilization policies or follow either non-cooperative or cooperative activist fiscal policies. Different scenarios are simulated with the macroeconomic McKibbin–Sachs Model (MSG2 Model), and the resulting welfare orderings are determined. They show that the advantages and disadvantages of different policy arrangements depend strongly on the nature of the shock the economies are faced with. Additional macroeconomic noise resulting from the CEECs' membership of the EMU does not seem to be too much of a problem.     

论财政政策与货币政策的有效搭配

货币政策有效性是近两年争论较多的问题,人们对货币政策效果的理解大都是从货币政策自身变化对经济增长的影响来分析的,事实上,货币政策的效果很大程度上依赖于其它宏观经济政策,尤其是财政政策的变化,因此,分析货币政策的效果要根据其它政策是否配合才能作出合理性判断,笔者认为,必须建立我国货币政策与财政政策有效搭配的协调机制,以及必须把握宏观调控的“度”和“时点”问题。