A model of technology strategy

Technology strategy, a relatively new concept in management theory, describes how firms might use technology to gain competitive advantage. However, little practical information exists to assist firms in incorporating technological issues into the overall strategy of the firm. To counter this, a utilitarian, time-based model of the process of technology strategy has been developed. The proposed model links six technologially related tasks with decreasing time-frames, which are based on Jagues organizational constructs. Such time-frames reflect short-, medium-nad long-term future periods relevant to management decision-making and corporate development activites. The spectrum of tasks and time-frames are in the following ranges; setting horizons, beyond 20 years; industry forecasting, relating to the peirod 10-20 years ahead; technology positioning, 5-10 years; determining technology availability, 2-5 years; appropriating technology, between 1-2 years; managing technology, relating to the first year.In outlining these tasks and time-frames, it is argues that the six tasks are interrelated and should operate in parallel, in an iterative manner.     

Capital Flight, North-South Lending, and Stages of Economic Development

We present a two-country OLG economy in which international capital mobility exists in the presence of moral hazard in financial contracts. The difference in the extent of asymmetric information is a source of capital movement and capital flows from the South to the North. Even though there exists a unique steady state under autarky, multiple locally stable steady states may emerge in a world economy with an integrated capital market. However, the integration may drive the South down to further impoverishment. The South's government therefore should take into account seriously the timing of capital market liberalization as a conduit of economic development.     

A competitive general equilibrium model of technology transfer,innovation, and obsolescence

A general equilibrium production model is developed where technologies are embodied in capital goods of different vintages indexed in a continuum. A difference in the extent of existing knowledge determines a wage gap between a developed (north) and a developing region (south). With free flow of technology, relatively backward technologies move to the south. With innovation in the north, a technology cycle is created by which some of the technologies are pushed out of the north into the south. This also tends to widen the wage gap between the regions.     

A model of technology adoption and growth

Summary We construct a model of economic growth in which firms adopt more advanced technologies. In order to advance its technology, a firm must make an investment. The size of this investment depends on the size of the technology adoption barriers in the firm's country Assuming a Markov chain for these barriers, we examine the amount of variation and persistence in the chain for which the model matches the observed output disparity across countries and the mobility of nations. Our calibration suggests a range for the size of these barriers of a factor five, and the presence of a barrier trap.The author is grateful to V. V. Chari, Larry Christiano, Javier Díaz-Giménez, David Johnson, Edward C. Prescott, Richard Rogerson, James Schmitz, and Javier Vallés for their comments. An earlier version of this paper circulated under the title of Economic Institutions and External Factors: Implications for the Replacement of Inferior Technologies and Growth.     

North-South and South-South trade-related technology diffusion: an industry-level analysis of direct and indirect effects

Abstract .  This paper examines one direct and three indirect channels of North-South trade-related technology diffusion. We find that i) the largest impact on TFP in the South is from direct North-South technology diffusion; ii) there are also significant effects from indirect North-South technology diffusion, though their magnitude is smaller than that of the direct one; and iii) the impact of direct North-South technology diffusion on TFP in the South occurs faster than the impact of indirect technology diffusion.     

Economies of Scale, International Capital Mobility, and North-South Inequality

This paper develops a model of North-South trade with a continuum of goods, external economies of scale and international capital mobility. The North-South wage gap must exceed any difference in labor quality for South to overcome the established external economies in North. In equilibrium North retains the goods with the largest external economies and South specializes in the remaining goods. While Northern product innovation leads to the production of additional goods in South, it is possible for South to experience a terms-of-trade deterioration, a reduction in foreign investment, and an increase in wage and income inequality.     

内生技术进步、南北贸易与干预政策

文章首先回顾了内生技术进步理论，然后试图在Li（2001）、Dinopoulos和Segerstrom（2003）模型的基础上扩展Grossman和Helpman的南北贸易与产品周期模型，将北方的激进式创新行为和南方的非激进式创新行为同时纳入Dinopoulos和Segerstrom的南北贸易模型，并在内生技术进步与南北贸易框架下分析北方创新和南方模仿之间的相互作用机理，阐述政府R＆D补贴、国际知识产权保护等干预政策对北方创新和南方模仿行为的经济效应。     

Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights, North-South Trade, and Biological Diversity

In the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of GATT (1 January 1995) it was agreed to harmonise intellectual property rights (IPR) on an international level and to include the option for patent protection for all life forms such as plants and animals (Article 27 (3) b). Patenting, however, leads to considerable conflicts between international trade and protection of biological diversity, which can be illustrated by the example of seed production. We make use of a three-stage game to show the strategic incentives for implementation of two different property rights regimes (patents and farmers' rights) on competition and biodiversity. We show that the Southern government has no incentive to acknowledge international patents, even if farmers' rights do exist. The Northern producer will always dominate in the output market if patents are applied, but without farmers' rights biodiversity will not be maintained by the Southern government. Thus total payoff of the northern firm is maximized, if both IPR regimes are implemented. However, if only farmers' rights are valid, biodiversity will be maximal.     

A stochastic model for technology forecasting

A stochastic model for technology forecasting is proposed. A complete analysis of the model is given and application to a real problem is presented.     

A hybrid selection model for emerging technology

Technology selection, which influences the advantages of an enterprise or a country, is a multi-criteria decision issue that can be improved by integrating different methods. In addition, it is more and more difficult to identify the right technologies because the technologies are increasing in number and complexity. This study proposes a technology selection process integrating fuzzy Delphi method, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and patent co-citation approach (PCA) for technology selection. The former effectively gathers experts' judgments toward technology selection criteria and conducts the fuzziness existing in their responses. The analytic hierarchy process has the strength of identifying criteria and obtaining their relationship and their weights. The patent co-citation approach identifies the major R&D fields of a specific technology from patent data. Through this proposed process, the key technology fields can be identified in the end. The organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology in Taiwan is used to be an example to illustrate the proposed technology selection process.     

A hybrid visualisation model for technology roadmapping: bibliometrics,qualitative methodology and empirical study

Technology roadmapping offers a flexible instrument to portray development status in support of technology forecasting and assessment. This paper integrates bibliometrics with qualitative methodologies and visualisation techniques to construct a hybrid model for composing technology roadmaps. The mapping arrays details on the evolution of the technology under study and contributes to understanding the macro-technology development status. We generate a global technology roadmap for electric vehicles to demonstrate the approach in an empirical study.     

Conflict,growth, distribution,and employment: a long-run Kaleckian model

This paper presents a Kaleckian growth model in which (i) the rate of capacity utilization, the profit share, and the rate of employment are adjusted in the medium run, and (ii) the normal rate of capacity utilization and the expected rate of capital accumulation are adjusted in the long run. The long-run equilibrium is a continuum of equilibria and is characterized by hysteresis in that the long-run position of the economy depends on where it starts. An increase in the bargaining power of workers lowers the rate of unemployment in both the medium-run and the long-run equilibrium.     

Terms of trade and domestic distribution: Export-led growth with abundant labour

A general equilibrium macro model is constructed to explore effects of export-led growth policies on the terms of trade and the domestic distribution of a developing region with abundant labour. This region, the South, trades with another, the North; they have different technologies and supplies of factors. It is shown that under certain conditions of dualism in the production of goods and of abundant labour supply in the South, an increase in the volume of exports from the South may bring about a sustained worsening of the South's terms of trade with the North even if this increase in exports is due to a positive shift in demand from the North. This change in the terms of trade is accompanied by a sustained loss of purchasing power of wages within the South. These results take place in a Walrasian stable market. When technologies are more homogenous and labour less abundant, the results are reversed: increased exports will take place together with improvements in terms of trade and a tendency to equalise factor prices between the regions. The results argue for coordination of domestic and international policies with special attention to technologies and labour markets.     

A continuous time model of European growth,integration and technology diffusion: The role of distance

Economists have been devoting increasing attention to the diffusion process of knowledge in economic activities. However, the models till now developed concentrate mostly on the dynamics determined by the steady state, when dealing with the interaction among many countries. Instead, we present a non-linear model where explicitly formalize the disequilibrium as starting point. We evaluate theoretically and empirically, with a continuous time analysis applied to panel data, the integration process of some main European countries by considering a simultaneous interaction among output, technology and business services. In this process we take particular care of distance, as a strategic variable over time, and of the following consequences on the convergence to the steady state. On this subject we also show a closed form solution in presence of a linear constraint on technology among countries.     

Openness,domestic performance and growth

Semiparametric estimation shows that growth is contingent on openness, domestic performance and level of development. Economies with low degree of openness can adopt more open policies and stronger measures to achieve better domestic performance and hasten their growth.     

Some current issues in technology transfer and academic-industrial relations: a review

This paper is concerned with rmiewing some of the issues underbing current inbrest infacilitating effective technology transfer between academia, other research organizations and industy,from the point of ciew of an actively participating organization, i.e, The Oxford Trust. It draws upon published literature, conference presentations and case study material from the author's current research within The Oxford Trust on technology transfer in Oxfordshire.     

Bequests,taxation and the distribution of wealth in a general equilibrium model

This paper examines the role of bequests and of taxation on bequests for the distribution of wealth. We investigate a model with overlapping generations and heterogenous households where parents derive utility directly from their bequests. We obtain all results analytically. Using the coefficient of variation as the measure of inequality, bequests per se diminish the inequality of wealth since they raise private savings and hence average wealth holdings more than the variance of wealth. From a policy perspective, taxing bequests and redistributing government revenue lump-sum among the young generation further decreases wealth inequality.     

A dynamic decision-theoretic model of technology adoption for the competitive firm

In this article, the technology adoption problem of the competitive firm is revisited. The firm is assumed to allocate a quasi fixed factor between a traditional and a new technology. In the presence of costs of adjustment and learning, the adoption problem is formulated as an optimal control problem.