基于分位数回归分解的农民工性别工资差异研究

本文使用基于分位数回归的分解方法研究了农民工的性别工资差异.结果发现,农民工的性别工资差异表现为"天花板效应";但在工资分布的最高端,性别工资差异又开始缩小.对此,本文给出了基于统计歧视和社会保护政策的解释.而城镇职工的性别工资差异则表现为"粘地板效应".在农民工工资分布的高端,性别差异表现出与城镇职工工资分布低端相似的趋势.这一点表明在工资分布高端的女性农民工已经开始突破二元分割体制,获得了一定程度的社会保护.     

工资分布的性别差异:分位数分解方法

在研究工资性别差距时,绝大多数研究关注的是男女在平均工资上的差别。从横截面数据和时序数据两个方面,本文发现研究工资分布相对于研究平均工资有很大的优越性。本文还使用分位数分解方法对男女在工资分布上的差异进行因素分解分析,发现女性在经验回报率和经验年限分布方面处于劣势地位,在教育回报率和教育年限分布方面的境况并不差,甚至在教育回报率方面处于优势地位。解决男女工资不平等的问题,应该重视女性在工作中的升迁问题。提高退休年龄也会提高女性的工资,特别是中低等收入女性的工资,这也有助于解决男女工资不平等的问题。     

集体议价是否改善了工资水平:来自中国制造业企业的证据

本文基于企业层面的抽样数据,使用分位数回归方法研究了中国制造业企业中的工资决定因素,并对集体工资议价协议是否对工资决定产生作用给予了特别关注。研究发现: 整体而言,集体工资议价对于工资决定的影响存在所有制方面的差异,在国有企业当中的作用显著大于其他所有制企业。工会的存在与否对集体工资议价有一定的影响,且对职员的影响大于工人。此外,我们还发现员工的教育水平、培训投入、工作经验和本地同行业其他企业的工资水平等因素对工资水平有显著的正面影响,但是员工的教育水平对工资的影响主要体现在职员工资上,而工作经验的影响则主要体现在工人工资上。     

基于分位回归模型的西部上市公司资本结构研究

利用我国西部上市公司的数据,运用分位回归模型研究资本结构的各类影响因素,与OLS回归结果相对照,可以发现公司规模、股本结构、资产担保价值、非债务税盾和收益性等因素对处于资本结构不同分位的公司的非对称性影响,从而丰富了对资本结构影响因素的理解。     

中国企业的工资差异和所有制结构

本文采用OaxacaBlinder分解法的扩展形式,分析了1995年中国城市不同所有制企业间工资差异的决定因素。我们发现,国有企业和外商投资企业工资高于城镇集体企业,但中央直属国有企业和外商投资企业的小时工资鲜有差别。此外,我们的研究结果强有力地证明了,中国劳动力市场的分割或者说是多层次、纯所有制差别和工作小时差别是观测到的工资差距的主要决定因素。我们的研究结果还强调了,尽管外商投资企业提供了较高的年总收入,但这是以更长的工作时间为代价的。     

外资与内资企业工资差异分析：分位数回归观点

一、引言 对单变量的分析，平均数只能给出一个大致的概括性描述，并且常常提供的是不确切的信息。例如，一个社会收入存在着“二八”现象，即收入分布为20％的人口拥有80％的财富，收入差距较大，贫富不均。如果按社会人均收入来确定累进的个人所得税起征标准，那么，20％的富裕人口不会因税赋而降低个人福利，但是80％的低收入人口将会因此税赋而大大降低个人福利。因此，按社会平均收入设计税收制度，非但没有起到“劫富济穷”，相反却“劫穷济富”。平均收入看似公平，其实是不公平的。如果，同时参考中位数、众数、四分位点等趋势标，根据不同分位点的收入状况制定个人所得税课收标准，那么问题就解决了。可见，平均数与分位位数，     

城市外来人口工资差异的分位数回归分析

文章以2008年四大城市的外来人口问卷调查资料为基础,利用分位数回归模型和分位数分解法对本地市民、农民工和外来市民三个群体的工资收入进行了分析.研究发现:(1)在不同分位数上,三个群体之间的个体工资收入存在一定的差异.(2)个人禀赋和就业环境等影响因素在不同群体的不同收入层次中所起的作用有所不同.(3)不同群体的工资差异是由个体特征差异和制度性歧视共同作用的结果,并且,在大部分分位数上制度性歧视的影响程度要大于特征差异.     

妇女教育对农户收入与收入差距的影响:山西的经验证据

本文基于中国山西省947个农户微观数据,针对男女劳动力的教育对农户收入和农户收入差距的影响进行测算。经验研究的结果显示:平均来说,男性和女性劳动力多接受一年的教育能够使家庭收入分别提高14.1%和16.3%;不同收入组人群教育的边际收益亦不同,女性劳动力教育的边际收益在中高收入组高于低收入组,而男性劳动力教育的边际收益情况则相反,说明女性劳动力的教育回报差异是扩大农户收入不平等的原因之一。     

城市外来劳动力的性别收入差距与工资歧视———基于非条件分位数回归的分解方法

内容文章利用非条件分位数回归的分解方法对2011年城市外来劳动力群体的性别工资差距进行了分析.研究发现:(1)城市外来劳动力群体中,性别间受教育程度的差异已经变得不太显著,但在职业方面针对女性外来劳动力的“粘性地板”现象仍然十分突出.(2)人力资本禀赋和就业职业特征对男性与女性外来劳动力工资的影响程度有所不同,不同收入分位数上的影响系数也有明显的差异.(3)性别歧视是造成外来劳动力性别间收入差距的主要原因,而男性与女性劳动者工作经验的差距以及工作经验收益率的差异已经取代教育因素成为了性别收入差距中的突出问题     

珠三角技能人才性别工资差异的分位数回归分析——基于东莞市职业技能人才调查的实证研究

本文利用东莞市职业技能人才调查的微观数据,通过分位数分解的方法,研究了男女技能人才在整个工资分布上的差异及其影响因素.研究结果表明,随着收入水平的提高,技能人才群体间的性别工资差异逐步扩大,但性别工资歧视程度不断降低.在收入分布的低分位数上,歧视是造成性别工资差距的主要原因;而在高分位数上,个人资源禀赋造成的差异则成为性别工资差距的主要来源.     

Role of Individual Social Capital in Wage Determination: Evidence from China

The present study examines the role of individual‐level social capital in workers’ wage determination in a Nash‐bargaining wage model using Chinese micro‐level data. The study finds a significant contribution of individual‐specific social capital to the wage level. In particular, larger individual social networks and workers’ positive attitudes toward social capital significantly increase the wage level. Moreover, the effect of social capital on the wage level is much larger for men than for women. The results indicate that construction of individual social capital could increase workers’ wages. However, efforts are needed to reduce the unequal contributions of social capital between men and women.     

Wage Returns to Schooling in Nigeria

Abstract: In the last two decades, primary and secondary school enrollment rates have declined in Nigeria while enrollment rates in post‐secondary school have increased. This paper estimates from the General Household Survey for Nigeria the private returns to schooling associated with levels of educational attainment for wage and self‐employed workers. The estimates for both men and women are small at primary and secondary levels, 2–4 percent, but are substantial at post‐secondary education level, 10–15 percent. These schooling return estimates may account for the recent trends in enrollments. Thus, increasing public investment to encourage increased attendance in basic education is not justifiable on grounds of private efficiency, unless investments to increase school quality have higher private returns. With high private returns to post‐secondary schooling, students at this level should pay tuition, to recoup more of the public costs of schooling, which may be redistributed to poor families through scholarships.     

Gender Difference in Returns to Education Independent of Gender Wage Gap in Korea*

This study examined the difference between male and female groups’ return on investment (ROI) in education independent of the average gender wage gap. Women’s additional ROI in education was significant and positively estimated. Furthermore, the ROI in women’s education was consistently higher than that in men regardless of educational stage, except for graduate education. These gender differences were greater in the younger generation than in the older generation and have decreased significantly in the recent ten years in high school education. Although the additional ROI in women’s education was positive in the field of culture and arts, education’s effect on wage increases in professional occupations was less than in men, especially in the fields of law and medicine. In addition, we show that gender differences in ROI in education were countercyclical. A base effect, large wage declines for low‐educated women during recessions, could explain this phenomenon. However, coinciding with the existence of positive cash flow news in the stock market that promises good business performance, a significant wage increase among highly educated women was found.     

Returns to Education Using a Sample of Twins: Evidence from Japan*

The objective of this article is to measure the causal effect of education on earnings using a large dataset of twins compiled in Japan with wide‐ranging socioeconomic information. Recent research conducted in China showed that, contrary to the case in Western countries, ability bias is large in estimating the return to education. It is argued that the low rate of return in China is in part due to the competitive and exam‐oriented education system, which is similar to the system in Japan. The empirical results in our study show that the estimated rate of return to education using the sample of identical twins in Japan is 9.3 percent even after omitted ability bias and measurement errors in self‐reported schooling were corrected. Our findings suggest that the conventional OLS estimate is not significantly contaminated by potential biases in Japan.     

Censored Quantile Regressions of Chronic and Transient Seasonal Poverty in Rwanda

It is crucial for social policy in Less Developed Countriesto identify correlates of poverty at the household level. Thishas been done in the literature by estimating household povertyequations typically with Tobit and Probit models. However, whenthe errors in these equations are non-normal and heteroscedastic,which is usually expected, these models deliver biased estimates.Using quarterly data from Rwanda in 1983, we reject the normalityand homoscedasticity assumptions for household chronic and transientlatent poverty equations. We treat this problem by estimatingcensored quantile regressions. Our results of censored quantileregressions and of inconsistent Tobit regressions are substantiallydifferent. However, in the case of chronic poverty the signsof the apparently significant coefficients are generally inagreement, while for seasonal transient poverty different variableshave significant effects for the two estimation methods. Oursecond contribution is to study, for the first time, correlatesof poverty indicators based on quarterly consumptions. Our resultsshow that in Rwanda different correlates are significant forchronic poverty and for transient seasonal poverty. The effectsof the main inputs (land and labour) are more important forthe chronic component of poverty than for the transient one.Household location and socio-demographic characteristics playimportant roles that are consistent with usual explanationsof poverty in the literature.     

Returns to education in China: Evidence from the great higher education expansion

China experienced a near 5-fold increase in annual Higher Education (HE) enrolment in the decade starting in 1999. Using the China Household Finance Survey, we show that the Great HE Expansion has exacerbated a large pre-existing urban-rural gap in educational attainment underpinned by the hukou (household registration) system. We instrument the years of schooling with the interaction between urban hukou status during childhood and the timing of the expansion – in essence a difference-in-differences estimator using rural students to control for common time trends. We find that the Great HE raised earnings by 17% for men and 12% for women respectively, allowing for county fixed-effects. These Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estimates, which are robust to additional controls for hukou status at birth fully interacted with birth hukou province, can be interpreted as the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) of education on earnings for urban students who enrolled in HE only because of the Great HE Expansion. For the selected subsample of respondents with parental education information, we find that the 2SLS returns for students from more disadvantaged backgrounds are at least as high as their more advantaged counterparts, for both genders.