进口贸易、生产率与企业创新

本文借助2000-2013年中国工业企业数据库、企业专利数据库与海关进出口贸易数据库,构建了企业产品层面和行业层面的进口价值替代变量,并从生产率的角度,对进口促进我国企业创新的异质性影响进行了系统分析。研究发现,进口对企业创新的影响取决于企业的生产率水平,企业的生产率越高,进口对创新的促进作用越明显,且这种促进作用只在生产率超过中位数水平的企业中显现。同时,机制检验发现,高生产率企业在吸收进口技术溢出和应对进口竞争时更具有比较优势。异质性分析发现,来自不同研发投入国的进口对企业创新的影响并无显著差异,知识产权保护则放大了进口对高生产率企业创新的促进作用和对低生产率企业创新的抑制作用;即使是生产率最低的一般贸易企业,进口也对创新起到了激励作用,而加工贸易企业的创新活动不能从进口中获益。     

浅析现代企业的情报保护

经济情报的作用,已越来越被现代企业所重视,搜集和运用情报是企业的进攻型谋略,如何保护情报则是企业的防御型谋略。本文结合企业的实践,认为现代企业应该从树立和增强情报保护意识、建立严格的情报保护制度和采取有效的反间措施等几个方面加强情报保护工作。     

Can Intellectual Property Rights Affect Multinational Enterprises’ Entry Modes? The Chilean Case

Abstract

Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) can choose between exporting, introducing foreign direct investment (FDI), and licensing to a domestic firm among other modes of entry to a new market. Yet, this decision may be affected by the strength of intellectual property rights (IPR). Thus, this paper analyzes the effect of stronger IPR on the entry modes chosen by MNEs. We propose a theoretical model that predicts that in the presence of stronger IPR, MNEs would choose licensing instead of FDI as an entry mode. We test the predictions of the model using plant-level data for Chile for the period 2001–2007. We exploit the exogenous reform of IPR in 2005, controlling for the activities of industries where high levels of technology transfer and imitation are important factors. The main results show that stronger IPR change the mode of entry chosen by MNEs. In this case, FDI is replaced by licensing. This is explained by Chile’s high absorptive capacity during this period. We test whether this effect differs across high- and low-tech industries and conclude that the displacement of FDI is less severe in high-tech industries.     

Are ICT,Workplace Organization,and Human Capital Relevant for Innovation? A Comparative Swiss/Greek Study

This paper investigates and compares the relationships for Swiss and Greek firms between indicators for the intensity of use of modern information and communications technologies (ICT), several forms of workplace organization, and human capital, on the one hand, and several measures of innovation performance at firm level, on the other hand. For the Swiss firms, we find that ICT contribute to innovation activities (a) as enablers of process innovation (but not of product innovation) and (b) as means for increasing the efficiency of the R&D process. The organizational variables for “work design” and “employee voice” show significant positive correlations for most innovation indicators. Human capital matters primarily for R&D activities. The findings for the Greek firms indicate positive correlations of ICT with product and process innovation and of new “work design” with product innovation and R&D. No correlation of human capital with innovation could be found. No complementarities for the three factors with respect to innovation performance could be detected in either country.     

浅谈计算机软件工程管理

通过对软件产品特点的分析,讨论软件工程管理可能涉及的人员、组织机构、用户。控制、文档资料等内容。本文描述了软件生命周期的六个阶段,证明了软件工程管理的重要性,在管理中,最重要的是对人员的管理和分配。     

FDI与内资企业技术进步之间的关系——以江苏省为例的实证研究

江苏省是我国重要的FDI聚集地之一,然而以这一地区为研究对象的关于FDI技术外溢效应的研究并不多见。本文以江苏省为研究对象,利用2000至2006年27个制造业行业面板数据,估算了FDI对江苏内资企业生产率水平和生产率增长率的影响。实证结果表明:在密集使用外资的江苏省内,FDI对江苏省制造业内资企业的技术进步效应主要依赖于行业间的产业关联,总体而言,行业间外溢效应显著,行业内的外溢效应并不明显。但在高附加值产业,内资企业的技术进步不仅来自于行业间的关联,而且来自于行业内部外资企业的技术扩散和竞争。     

政府规制中的多重委托代理与道德风险

政府规制合同实际上是一个多重委托代理合同,这种多重性表现在两个方面,从纵向看,存在着公众、议会、规制机构、被规制企业之间的多重委托代理链条;从横向看,存在着两个或两个以上的规制机构共享对某一企业或行业的规制权的情形.在这两种情形中,由于信息不对称,都存在着代理人的道德风险,因而在制定规制政策时必须考虑这一问题.     

典型零件的CAD／CAPP／CAM软件的研制

在ＣＩＭＳ环境下,本文提出了研制各种典型零件为ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＰＰ／ＣＡＭ软件的一种行之有效的方法,并给出基于ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ平台的块状零件ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＰＰ／ＣＡＭ集成软件实例。     

企业人事管理信息系统的应用研究

本文主要阐述了目前企业人事管理信息系统的应用现状和功能,指出了改系统设计时应该遵循的原则,提出了系统维护的几个方面。     

浅析企业MIS的开发

企业MIS的建设与应用已经比较普遍,建设一个与企业自身相适应的MIS,并使其充分发挥效能,是企业迫切的需求。在详细介绍企业MIS的有关概念的基础上,针对目前企业MIS开发中存在的问题,从软件工程的角度分析和论证如何成功开发一个企业MIS,指出在开发企业MIS中所需要注意的阿题和一些影响企业MIS开发的非软件因素,提出了解决问题的对策。     

Adoption of Enterprise Application Software and Firm Performance

Due to the rapidly changing business and IT environments, firm-level adoption of IT shifted from in-house development to purchasing EA software. This paper analyzes the effects of EA (Enterprise Application) software – ERP, CRM, SCM, Groupware, KM, EAI – on SMEs’ productivity. The distinct feature of this paper is that I use a formal econometric approach with combined data of SMEs’ accounting and IT usage aspects, while case studies have been mostly used in the previous works. The empirical results show that Groupware and SCM significantly raise the SMEs’ productivity, and the manufacturing sector has stronger effects than the service sector. From these results, the following implications are derived. First, the adoption rate and the real benefits of EA software are not closely related domestically. Second, in SMEs, EA software facilitating the inter-firm relationship is more effective than EA software focusing on the internal efficiency. Third, easy-to-understand, and relatively long-experienced enterprise applications are more effective than hard-to-understand and brand-new applications. Finally, the government IT policy on SMEs should focus on the process coordination and standardization of the manufacturing sector with upstream and downstream firms.     

Welfare gains from Foreign Direct Investment through technology transfer to local suppliers

We hypothesize that multinational firms operating in emerging markets transfer technology to local suppliers to increase their productivity and to lower input prices. To avoid hold-up by any single supplier, the foreign firm must make the technology widely available. This technology diffusion induces entry and more competition which lowers prices in the supply market. As a result, not just the foreign-owned firm, but all firms downstream of that supply market obtain lower prices. We test this hypothesis using a panel dataset of Indonesian manufacturing establishments. We find strong evidence of productivity gains, greater competition, and lower prices among local firms in markets that supply foreign entrants. The technology transfer is Pareto improving — output and profits increase for firms in both the supplier and buyer sectors. Further, the technology transfer generates an externality that benefits buyers in other sectors downstream from the supply sector as well. This externality may provide a justification for policy intervention to encourage foreign investment.     

The Impacts of China＇s ODI Reverse Technology Spillover on Total Factor Productivity

随着我国对外直接投资的不断增加,我国企业能否通过对外直接投资获取东道国先进技术,增强我国企业自主创新能力？全要素生产率作为一个综合指标,可代表一个国家的技术进步水平。本文运用Vat模型,针对我国1987—2009年的对外直接投资存量等数据,对我国对外直接投资与全要素生产率的关系进行了实证分析,得出对外直接投资存量每增加1个单位,全要素生产率增长2．07个单位的结论。本文根据我国对外直接投资的现状,提出在更大程度上发挥对外直接投资促进国内全要素生产率提高及技术进步效应的政策建议。     

中国ODI逆向技术溢出对全要素生产率的影响程度研究

随着我国对外直接投资的不断增加,我国企业能否通过对外直接投资获取东道国先进技术,增强我国企业自主创新能力?全要素生产率作为一个综合指标,可代表一个国家的技术进步水平。本文运用Var模型,针对我国1987-2009年的对外直接投资存量等数据,对我国对外直接投资与全要素生产率的关系进行了实证分析,得出对外直接投资存量每增加1个单位,全要素生产率增长2.07个单位的结论。本文根据我国对外直接投资的现状,提出在更大程度上发挥对外直接投资促进国内全要素生产率提高及技术进步效应的政策建议。     

Y2K all over again: How groupthink permeates IS and compromises security

Despite increased concerns about security, most government, private, and public information systems remain vulnerable to terrorist and hacker attacks. To examine this potentially catastrophic problem, we study another infamous, expensive failing in information systems: the year 2000 (Y2K) problem. We argue that many of the same drivers of the Y2K problem now impede the security of information systems, and identify groupthink as a root cause of the continuing inability of organizations and IS (information systems) teams to learn from past mistakes in managing information systems. We also identify measures to help organizational team leaders and members prevent future IS-related threats.     

中间产品贸易、技术溢出与发展中国家的工资差距:一个理论框架

中间产品贸易的技术溢出是国际贸易影响熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间工资差距的一个重要机制。本文构建了一个理论框架,从中间产品贸易及其技术溢出效应的角度解释发展中国家相对工资差距不断扩大的现实。发展中国家从技术前沿的发达国家进口资本和技术密集型的中间产品,一方面可以使发展中国家间接地分享国际先进的R&D资本;另一方面给发展中国家带来了技术学习和模仿的机会。由于资本与技能的互补性和技术学习的技能偏向性,中间产品进口使发展中国家增加了对熟练劳动力的相对需求,从而扩大了熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力之间的工资差距。     

组织环境对企业信息安全管理的影响路径研究

在借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,本文对139家中小企业进行问卷调查,运用因子分析和结构方程模型对数据处理后发现:在企业信息安全管理中,组织环境对人力资源安全、操作管理、信息系统开发与维护有着显著的正向影响,对资产设备安全和应急响应机制有着一定的正向影响;人力资源安全在信息安全管理中发挥中介作用,组织环境通过人力资源安全部分中介作用于信息安全管理其他要素。     

The Shrinking Hand: Why Information Technology Leads to Smaller Firms

We explain the firm downsizing trend of the recent decades by the new abundance of information – the ICT revolution. Production processes differ in their information requirements: while decentralized production by means of market exchanges is information intensive, less information per unit of output is needed in the hierarchically integrated production of firms, and the information/output ratio is decreasing firm size.

We formulate a quantity of information theory of the firm embodying these differences and derive a Coase–Rybczinski effect for the aggregate economy, which predicts a decreasing employment share of large firms and an increasing share of small ones when the aggregate quantity of information increases Panel data regressions and other evidence provide support for this hypothesis.     

FDI对我国纺织服装业技术溢出效应分析

本文实证分析了FDI对我国纺织服装业的技术溢出效应。结果表明,FDI在纺织服装业的溢出效应明显存在,且服装业中FDI的外溢效应大于我国工业平均水平,但纺织业的外溢效应低于我国工业的平均水平。笔者认为,行业内FDI溢出效应的强弱受行业内利用FDI的数量和质量的影响,而服装业获得较多FDI技术外溢的重要原因在于其利用外资的密度较大,且在引进技术中重视对先进技术的消化吸收。然而,尽管如此,我国纺织服装业目前仍被锁定在全球价值链低端的生产环节,全员劳动生产率较低。因此,我国应通过利用FDI培育和获取核心技术、知名品牌和销售渠道等高级生产要素,促使企业向价值链的高附加值环节攀升。