The Many Faces of Competition

Marketing Letters - Despite a great deal of theoretical research on competition, there has been limited empirical work assessing the type of competitive interaction that actually exists in the...     

Economic Issues in the Antitrust Assessment of Hospital Competition: Overview

Rapid consolidation in the hospital industry, as health care markets respond to consumer pressures for more cost-effective delivery of health care services, has focused increased attention on antitrust enforcement theories and actions. This paper reviews the Federal agency challenges of four recent hospital mergers that have all been denied by the courts, but for varying reasons. Questions raised include the appropriate definition of the product and geographic markets, the extent of realizable merger-specific efficiencies and the influence of non-profit status on hospital behavior. The lack of conclusive empirical economic evidence on these topics undoubtedly contributes to the current divergence of opinion among regulators, courts and hospitals. This paper also identifies how each of the subsequent papers in this special issue contributes valuable findings to inform the lively debate.     

Demand Shifts and Changes in Competition: Evidence from the Movie Theatre Industry

In this paper, I empirically examine how demand shifts affect firm behaviour. In particular, I study how competitive behaviour between firms changes across different demand states. For this purpose, I use price and concentration data from the Spanish movie theatre industry in 1995 and 2000. The evidence suggests that demand shifts change the competitive nature of the industry under study, and that this change differs across different demand shifts. Firms deviate less from tacit collusive behaviour when gains of deviation are smaller.     

全球交易所的竞争:市场结构的变化

本文运用国际金融市场特别是期货市场的统计数据和案例材料,从横向竞争、纵向竞争、会员资格的开放和会员的多样化、竞争的资本密集程度的提高这几个方面,总结了交易所面临的竞争挑战.对美国占全球期货市场份额变化的分析表明,传统金融市场强国逐步丧失了绝对的垄断地位.但全球期货期权交易市场集中度的提高,却揭示了当前交易所服务市场竞争格局的复杂性.     

跨国战略联盟:对现代企业竞争关系一种新的诠释

跨国战略联盟是跨国经营企业为了实现战略目标所建立的合作关系,是企业可以扩大经营范围而不扩大企业规模的一种经营方法,作为介于市场和企业组织间的“混成组织”,跨国战略联盟体现了一种新型的“柔性”竞争,是在竞争的基础上加入了合作的内涵,是一种合作性的竞争或竞争性的合作,它对现代企业的竞争关系进行了新的诠释。     

Bank Competition and its Determinants: Evidence from Indian Banking

Abstract

This paper measures the degree of bank competition in India using a sample of 70 commercial banks over the period 1996–2016. To assess the degree of competition, we estimate the market power of each bank in our sample employing three nonstructural measures: the Lerner index, the adjusted Lerner index, and the Boone indicator. Bank-wise and year-wise estimates of the marginal cost required in all these measures are obtained using the semi-parametric method. The paper further attempts to undertake a comprehensive assessment of competition in Indian banking and identifies various bank-specific, macroeconomic, structural, and contestability indicators, which are supposed to explain level and variation of the degree of competition over time. Empirical findings reveal that public-sector banks in India exercise a relatively higher degree of bank competition compared to private and foreign-sector banks. However, aggregate results support that the Indian banking system is competitive in general. Unlike the structure-conduct-performance paradigm, which advocates that a concentrated banking system impairs competitiveness, our findings reveal that concentration measures hardly exert any effect on bank competition. Rather, contestability measures play a significant role in the determination of bank competition.     

Competition, herd behavior, and credit cycles: evidence from major Swiss Banks

I use time-series analysis to investigate the dynamic interdependence of the credit supplies of the three major Swiss banks from 1987 to 1996. The statistical results document that all three banks reacted to their competitors’ changes in lending. The estimated individual credit supply functions are then used in counterfactual experiments to study the total lending of these three banks (which is roughly half the bank lending in Switzerland) under different assumptions regarding leader/follower behavior. These simulations highlight the role of competitive behavior for the persistence of aggregate credit cycles.     

Unrestricted Entry and Nonprice Competition: The Case of Technological Adoption in Hospitals

Medical technology adoption is a major contributor to rising health care expenditures in the US. Multiple market failures provide incentives for hospitals to adopt technologies. Unrestricted entry may result in excess capacity and reductions in output that are inefficient with respect to cost and quality. We analyze the effects of hospital entry in the market for coronary artery bypass graft surgery on the number of procedures performed at both the market and firm levels, using California data from 1983 to 1990. We test the hypothesis that entry has differential effects on hospital output in a market with nonprice competition, depending on market structure. Results show that as the proximity of the nearest competitor increases with entry, hospital output declines. Holding distance to the nearest competitor constant, increasing the number of competitors results in a smaller, but still significant, decrease in output. When there are few incumbents nearby, however, output does not change significantly with entry, suggesting "business-augmenting" effects that result in increased physician referrals offset much of the conventional "businessstealing" effects.     

国际税收竞争与我国税收政策的选择

近年来,发达国家兴起了新一轮减税浪潮,发展中国家则加大了涉外税收优惠的力度,国际税收竞争成为备受关注的问题.本文通过分析国际税收竞争产生的经济根源,探讨了不同类型国家在国际税收竞争中的立场和政策选择.在此基础上分析了我国作为典型的发展中大国,在目前形势下对国际税收竞争应采取的策略及作出的税收政策调整.     

论国际税收竞争与竞争性的中国税制

本文从国际税收竞争基本概念入手,明确国际税收竞争与有害税收竞争的区别与联系.运用实证分析的方法,说明世界各国税收竞争的发展与现状,指出税收竞争是经济全球化发展的历史必然.通过比较,认为我国税制具有一定的竞争力,但仍存在一些不足.为了完善税制,本文提出建立竞争性中国现代税制的初步设想.     

我国进行国际税收竞争的最优战略与策略分析

本文依据国际税收竞争对我国的积极意义以及我国是发展中大国的战略定位,认为我国应该采取"积极、适度竞争,理性、必要协调"的战略;在竞争策略的选择上,通过对我国主要资本来源国对待本国资本海外投资的规定以及竞争对手国吸引外资相关做法的研究,提出我国应选择"低税率、宽税基、少优惠"的竞争方式和手段,并应注重形成有比较竞争力的税收制度,而不应进行频繁的政策调整.     

The Property Rights Theory of the Firm and Mixed Competition: A Counter-Example in the US Health Care Industry

We present a counter-example to the conventional property rights theory of the firm, which indicates that not-for-profit firms are incapable of directly competing against strictly profit-maximizing firms without the presence of barriers to entry, outside assistance, changing profit status or economies of scale and scope. We employ a modified Bertrand duopoly model of mixed competition in the health care industry to show that, even when these four conditions do not hold, not-for-profit firms may still be able to compete and possibly dominate the market. Consequently, market fundamentals, rather than market intervention, regulation or uncertainty, determine a not-for-profit provider's success or failure in the market. A necessary requirement is that the not-for-profit manager must care about non-pecuniary benefits but be willing to accept lower than normal returns. Moreover, under specific cost and demand conditions, a not-for-profit's ability to compete may actually be enhanced by increasing its production of non-pecuniary benefits.     

出口相似度与贸易竞争:中国与东盟的比较研究

本文从商品域和市场域两个纬度测算了中国与东盟在自由贸易区之外的第三方市场(或世界市场)上的出口相似度指数.研究表明,中国与东盟出口结构(产品结构和市场结构)趋同态势越来越显著,它反映的是双方在产业转移和传递的国际分工格局调整中相似的演化路径,这意味着中国与东盟在出口上越来越强劲的竞争具有长期性.最后对中国-东盟自由贸易区前景进行了初探.     

纵向财政失衡、FDI竞争与医疗卫生服务供给水平——兼论标尺竞争机制下地区间的策略性行为北大核心CSSCI

关于医疗卫生服务供给不足的原因一直是社会各界高度关注的重点话题,现行的财政分权制度常被认为是最主要的原因。本文尝试将表征现行财政分权制度特征的三个要素,即纵向财政失衡、地区FDI竞争和地区间竞争模仿的策略性行为,与医疗卫生服务供给水平纳入同一分析框架,在对其理论机制分析的基础上,利用2007-2018年277个地级及以上城市面板数据,实证考察它们之间的关系特征及机制路径。研究发现,纵向财政失衡与地区FDI竞争对医疗卫生服务供给水平均存在显著的抑制作用,同时,地区FDI竞争对纵向财政失衡的负向抑制作用具有正向调节效应。进一步分析发现,地方政府间的标尺竞争使其在医疗卫生服务供给行为上表现出明显的策略模仿,医疗卫生服务供给水平呈明显的空间溢出效应。异质性分析发现,发达地区医疗卫生服务供给水平受抑制的主因是FDI竞争所致,欠发达地区则主要缘于纵向财政失衡的显著影响。机制分析发现,纵向财政失衡通过作用于财政支出结构与医疗卫生支出效率两种方式实现对医疗卫生服务供给水平的抑制,而FDI竞争则主要是通过扭曲财政支出结构的方式实现其抑制作用。本文的研究丰富了医疗卫生服务供给不足制度性成因探寻的文献,对于如何全面推进新一轮财税体制改革、深化医疗卫生体制改革、优化政绩考核指标等具有借鉴意义。     

欧共体竞争法关于滥用支配地位的规定探析

被誉为"欧洲一体化的发动机"的欧共体竞争法,是颇具特色的法规.文章结合欧共体委员会和欧洲法院的具体判例,剖析了欧共体竞争法的核心法条,就何谓企业滥用支配地位、何谓影响成员国之间的贸易以及滥用支配地位的表现形式等问题进行了深入的探讨,对我国的相关立法和执法有借鉴作用.     

后配额时期我国纺织品服装出口竞争态势分析

根据WTO《纺织品服装协议》(ATC协议)的规定,从2005年1月1日起,世贸组织所有成员国的纺织品服装进口配额将被全部取消,意味着历时10年的ATC结束,也标志着长期游离于GATT/WTO体制外的纺织品服装贸易的回归,全球纺织品服装贸易将会产生新的变化。因此,充分了解我国纺织品服装出口竞争态势,对制定后配额时期我国纺织品服装出口战略,应对配额取消后的机遇与挑战至关重要。文章运用战略分析法,系统分析了我国纺织品服装产业的比较优势与劣势,为制定我国纺织品服装行业的发展战略提供一个框架。     

法制、融资环境与中小企业竞争策略的选择--来自中国东、中、西部七省市的调查分析

本文利用2001年北京、辽宁、江苏、浙江、广东、湖北、云南七省市中小企业的问卷调查数据,在控制地区、所有制和行业变量的情况下,对影响中小企业竞争策略选择的制度环境因素进行了实证分析.结果显示,中国中小企业竞争策略选择中的"价格策略"倾向与企业所处的法制环境、融资环境的健全与完善程度之间存在着显著的负相关性,从而证实了本文所提出的假说:中小企业所处的法制环境越健全、资金环境愈好,则企业越不倾向于采用价格策略,而企业所处的市场环境、信用环境和社会环境对企业竞争策略选择的影响却并不是完全确定的.     

我国造纸业国际竞争力的实证分析与发展对策

本文通过测算1997—2002年的市场占有率、RCA指数、TC指数和MI指数,对我国造纸业的国际竞争力进行了评估和实证分析,得出了我国造纸业出口缺乏竞争力的结论。在分析我国造纸业发展现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了提升我国造纸业国际竞争力的对策与思路。     

中国与东盟水产品在日本市场的竞争性分析

随着东盟自由贸易区的正式成立,中国-东盟的双边贸易越来越频繁,合作越来越紧密的同时,双方之间的竞争问题也引起了学者的广泛关注。本文利用出口相似性指数对中国-东盟四国(泰国、越南、印尼、菲律宾)水产品在日本市场上的出口相似程度从产品和市场两方面进行测算,综合分析中国与东盟水产品贸易的竞争关系以及趋势,然后再细化到分析具体某一类产品的竞争关系,从而对整个水产品行业进行国际竞争性分析,以期为加强中国与东盟水产品贸易合作提供实证依据。