The human right to development

This paper examines the content of the right to development in the light of human rights as recognized in international law and interprets it in an operational manner. The right to development is the right to a development where all rights can be progressively realized. Both the process of development and the outcomes of the process can be regarded as human rights claimed by the people of a country for the benefit of all individuals. The right is exercised collectively but enjoyed individually. The related obligation is appropriate development policy by the state (the primary duty‐bearer) and co‐operation by other states and international institutions. The international community that recognizes this right has to support its implementation by co‐operating in trade, debt, finance, technology transfer and development assistance. This paper provides illustrative mechanisms for implementing the right, complemented by programmes of international co‐operation     

The role of local estate agents in the residential development process

Summary

The estate agent is usually seen and theorized as a gatekeeper responsible for directing certain people to certain parts of the city (Williams, 1976). However, estate agents are capable of performing many more functions other than simple house agency. This paper presents results from a series of structured interviews with housebuilders and estate agents carried out in Hertfordshire by a recent research project (Elson, 1982) which reveals the extent to which certain estate agents are involved with organizing land purchases for builders and negotiating development proposals through the planning system.     

The role of collaborations in the development and implementation of sustainable livestock concepts in The Netherlands

This paper discusses the role of collaborations in the development and implementation of sustainable livestock farming. The study reflects upon the experiences with two innovative pig farming concepts in the Netherlands that aim to address sustainability-related concerns regarding the economic viability, environmental impact and social responsibility of livestock production. The findings show that collaborations can result in smarter and innovative solutions and provide support in the development of more sustainable farming concepts. The study also shows that collaborations do not safeguard the implementing of these concepts in practice. Pioneers are confronted with higher production costs and the complex context of agricultural policies and regulations. These pioneering efforts are, however, the seeds for change, and the key ingredient for a transition towards more sustainable production. We rely upon their innovations, social networks and learning experiences in the transition towards more sustainable production. Therefore, pioneers need to be protected from market influences and regulatory barriers, and supported by intermediaries when developing novelties for a more sustainable agriculture. The findings emphasize the need for more knowledge exchange and understanding between farmers, policy-makers and researchers to navigate towards a more sustainable agriculture in the future.     

The role of estate agents in the development process: A wider perspective

Summary

The general applicability of the conclusions of McNamara's study of estate agents in the development process (McNamara, 1984), which showed a surprisingly large involvement of such agents with building companies, is questioned by a study involving all types of development in four Conservation Areas in the West Midlands. This paper shows the very restricted activity of estate agents, which may be more typical of the development process in general.     

我国海洋人力资源开发与可持续发展探讨

如何对海洋人力资源进行有效开发已成为当前海洋工作面临的重要课题。在充分认识海洋人力资源的现状及存在问题的基础上,通过发展海洋教育、分层次制定海洋人力资源开发方案、优化海洋人力资源结构、有针对性的开展系统的海洋人力资源培训以及建立海洋人力资源的激励机制等措施实现其可持续发展,从而推动21世纪海洋战略的实施。     

标准化在促进渔业发展中的作用及其实践

渔业标准化是以渔业为对象的标准化活动。它运用"统一、简化、协调、选优"原则,通过制定和实施标准,把渔业产前、产中、产后各个环节纳入标准生产和标准管理的轨道。本文概述了渔业标准化的概念、基础、现状和存在的主要问题,并结合实际,从标准化在提高渔业的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益方面起的作用及其实践做了简要的概述。     

The role of landscape amenities in regional development: Evidence from Swiss municipality data

Several recent regional and migration studies have identified landscape amenities as potentially important drivers of migration and local economic change in the United States. To date, these empirical approaches have rarely been applied to European data in spite of an impressive European cultural landscape heritage. Here, we apply a regional adjustment model to data from 2467 municipalities in Switzerland to examine how landscape amenities and related policies affected regional development along with fiscal, demographic and infrastructure variables in the period from 1995 to 2005. In the population equation, the coefficients of the standard variables show a consistent pattern that parallels the findings of earlier work. Moreover, we find that population was positively affected by closeness to major lakes and by abundance of open space. However evidence on positive effects of traditional landscape elements such as extensive orchards and vineyards is limited. Furthermore, municipalities with national heritage townscapes grew less than those without, while the density of hiking trails had no significant effect. In the employment equation, employment was consistently affected by demographic factors and accessibility but not by the landscape amenity variables, except that employment grew less in municipalities that are part of an inventory of nationally significant landscapes. The lack of measurable local benefits from nationally significant landscapes and townscapes suggests that policies to preserve these amenities should be implemented and financed by the national government.     

The role of communication on an experimental market for tradable development rights

Tradable development rights (TDR) are discussed as a means of containing urban sprawl in numerous countries. Introducing a novel experimental setting, we simulate a cap & trade TDR scheme and investigate the effects of communication, specifically among competing market participants and within teams of decision-makers. Communication reduces auction prices, leading to substantially less income redistribution from participants to the auctioneer. Nevertheless, no collusion is sustained. Team decision-making reduces overshooting prices and improves the system’s efficiency. We interpret these results as emphasizing the efficiency and political feasibility of TDR schemes for economic contexts in which communication among its participants can be assumed.     

山东省人力资本发展的教育对策分析

教育是人力资本形成发展的重要途径和决定性因素;分析了山东省当前的教育现状和人力资本的发展情形,论述了教育体制及其模式上所存在的主要问题,提出了促进山东省人力资本发展的教育对策。     

Economic development and the role of agricultural technology

In earlier debates on economic development, the agricultural sector's role was somewhat controversial. While dualistic models highlighted the importance of agriculture, the mainstream literature placed a greater emphasis on the creation of a modern industrial sector. Soon agriculture disappeared from the mainstream development literature to re‐emerge recently with a variety of multiple‐sector growth models emphasizing the key role of agriculture and specifically technology in agriculture. This article is an empirical cross‐country analysis of agricultural technology's role in economic development. Specifically, the hypothesis being tested is whether improvements in agricultural technology have a significant impact on long‐run economic growth. The results indicate that agricultural modernization has a positive effect on both measures of economic growth and human development.     

Residential development on gardens in England: Their role in providing sustainable housing supply

Development of garden land has attracted political and media attention in recent years, yet there remained uncertainty over whether the issue was nationally or locally significant. Gardens are not a land use in their own right and have no special status in planning law. This enabled them to be considered, until very recently, as previously developed land according to The Brownfield Guide (English Partnerships, 2006). This allowed garden sites to be developed for new housing, thereby helping some authorities to meet their targets for residential development on brownfield land as monitored through their strategic housing land availability assessment (SHLAA). This paper reports the findings of a survey of local planning authorities carried out in 2009 and focused on planning applications and permissions on garden sites over a five year period ending 31 March 2008. The results reveal that garden development was a significant issue in only certain regional contexts, South East, London and West Midlands, and its actual and potential contribution to the local housing stock was variable. Where other forms of brownfield land were in short supply, garden sites might be crucial in meeting targets. The paper examines the policy framework underpinning such applications and shows that where local planning authorities had specific policies on the subject in place they were able to reach more robust decisions on garden site planning applications and there was less likelihood of first stage rejection decisions being overturned on appeal.     

海洋文化在海洋休闲渔业中的引领作用研究

海洋休闲渔业作为海洋经济的重要组成部分,满足了人们的休闲需求,推动了渔区的经济发展,逐渐成为海洋经济的活跃领域。与此同时,海洋休闲渔业面临的发展瓶颈也同步凸显,一定程度上阻碍了其向更高层次迈进。本文旨在从海洋休闲渔业的属性和海洋文化特征入手,深入分析其发展困境,探讨海洋文化和海洋休闲渔业两者之间的耦合效应,以此寻求海洋休闲渔业的有效发展路径。     

人类活动对额济纳绿洲演化的影响及协调对策

额济纳绿洲是内蒙古西部黑河下游重要的天然绿洲,近年来它的生态环境恶化问题日益引起人们的关注;从人类活动对额济纳绿洲演化的影响入手,分别阐述了其自然演化阶段、历史开发阶段、绿洲萎缩及其生态危机阶段;分析了各个阶段的不同特征;提出人与环境和谐共处、协调发展的具体措施。     

A paradigm shift in African agricultural research for development: the role of innovation platforms

To demonstrate the development impact of their outputs, agricultural research and development (R&D) organizations used to focus on the efficiency and effectiveness of technologies. In recent years, innovation systems thinking has started to address institutional and organizational barriers to technological change in African agriculture. The main approach used has been the multi-stakeholder innovation platform (IP). This paper analyses the requirements for improving the competence and skills of IPs actors in agricultural value chains, food systems, and natural resource management. As case studies, it uses IPs in the maize and cassava value chains that were initiated in the dissemination of new agricultural technologies in Africa (DONATA), in both West and Central Africa, and made reference to the rice IPs facilitated by AfricaRice. Yields and incomes in maize and cassava IPs significantly increased and inter-actor relationships and behavioural change among the diverse social and economic operators were enhanced. This achievement built on three capacity development interventions: (i) learning workshops that sensitized and informed technocrats and policy-makers and nurtured their involvement and ownership, (ii) competence and skill training of IP facilitators and practitioners, and (iii) coaching and mentoring of these facilitators and practitioners. To better facilitate IPs, facilitators and practitioners need to learn to observe, recreate, test, and perfect the IP process and value chain approach. Practicable tools that can be visualized and put into practice by the IP actors are essential. The DONATA on which the paper is based has been invaluable in terms of experiential learning.     

Rural development and the role of game farming in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The analysis of game farming is set in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Game farming reorders the use, meaning and value of land and animal species. However, what it means for rural development processes in the immediate region and beyond is not well accounted for. We perceive game farming as an assemblage that brings together new actors, new forms of land use and new discourses. We argue that although game farming has generated new opportunities and new forms of added value to the available resources (e.g. eco-tourism, trophy hunting, game-meat production), situated in the history and contemporary context of the Eastern Cape, it is a contested, and from a development point of view, problematic land-use practice. We argue that game farming constrains land and agrarian reforms: the distribution of land and income remains skewed; ‘poaching’ occurs and game farms do not, or only minimally, generate new and badly needed employment opportunities. The game farm has emerged as an exclusive, globally well-connected space. The nature of the relationships this space maintains with the surrounding communities is, however, such that the overall contribution to rural development in South Africa is questionable.     

The office development cycle in London

Summary

The paper examines the main features of the office market and the office development process in London, which is not only the largest office centre in the UK, but also in Europe as a whole. The discussion starts with the main factors which have contributed to the growth of London as a national and international office centre, concentrating in particular upon the main sources of demand for new office building. The cyclical nature of post‐war office development in London is described, illustrated by an examination of the relative trends in investment and development returns from new offices. The impact of the supply cycle upon the organization and funding of development, and upon its scale and location are then discussed, followed by a brief review of the impact of planning policy upon the office market. Finally, there is a review of the current situation at the end of the third post‐war cycle, and an assessment of the likely impact of new office technologies upon the demand for office space in the next development cycle during the late 1980s.     

以科学发展观为指导努力使渔业发展成为国家生态文明的基础产业

渔业是国家生态文明建设的重要内容,对实现经济可持续发展具有重要的推动作用.本文从生态文明的内涵以及生态文明与科学发展观的关系出发,阐述了生态文明是落实科学发展观的理想目标,渔业与国家生态文明建设的关系.在描述我国水域生态系统现状及问题的基础上,就如何在国家生态文明建设中发挥水产业的关键作用,提出了若干建议.     

我国水利人才资源开发与管理SWOT分析

水利人才是实现"科教兴水"的决定性因素,运用SWOT分析方法,从战略发展的角度,分析了我国水利人才开发的管理优势、劣势、机遇和挑战,结合水利工作的实际和人才资源理论,从水利人才资源发展的机制创新、结构调整和环境营造3个方面提出了促进我国水利人才资源发展的对策.     

Agricultural trade liberalization and economic development: the role of downstream market power

A model is developed to characterize the vertically linked and concentrated nature of developed‐country food markets. This model is then parameterized and used to simulate the effects of varying food market structures on the benefits to developing‐country exporters of agricultural commodities from trade liberalization by developed countries. Results demonstrate that even relatively modest departures from perfect competition can cause much of the benefits from trade liberalization to flow to marketing firms instead of producers in the developing country. The distributional effects under downstream market power differ significantly from the perfectly competitive case and may result, somewhat paradoxically, in developing countries receiving a lower share of the total value added within the food chain as trade reform occurs.