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ABSTRACT By most available measures, the level of inequality in the MENA region, including Egypt, is considered relatively low. This regularity applies to both inequality of outcomes as well as inequality of opportunity. This paper challenges this view. It argues specifically that circumstances beyond the control of individuals account for a larger share of inequality of opportunity when asset distribution is considered rather than the distribution of earnings, essentially because earnings are subject to measurement errors and idiosyncratic shocks. The paper tests this proposition by estimating the extent to which factors related to the circumstances a person is born into contribute to inequality of opportunity in earnings as well as asset ownership. The results show that circumstances account 26–32% of inequality of asset distribution, compared with only 8–10% of inequality of opportunity in earnings. The analysis further shows that the area of birth and fathers education level are the two most important circumstance factors contributing to inequality of opportunity, for both assets and earnings. 相似文献
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Inequality of opportunity is defined as the difference in individuals’ outcome systematically correlated with morally irrelevant pre-determined circumstances, such as ethnicity, socio-economic background, area of birth. This definition has been extensively studied by economists on the assumption that, in addition to being normatively undesirable, it can be related to low potentials for growth. However, empirical estimations of inequality of opportunity require accessing rich data sources, rarely available in poorer countries. In this paper, we exploit 13 consumption household surveys to evaluate inequality of opportunity in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries. According to our results, the portion of total inequality that can be attributed to exogenous circumstances is between 40% and 56% for the generality of countries. Our estimates are significantly higher than what has been found by previous studies. We detect a positive association between total consumption inequality and inequality of opportunity, and we study the different sources of unequal opportunities. The place of birth and the education of the father appear to exert the most relevant role in shaping inequality of opportunity in the region. 相似文献
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Rafael Carranza 《Review of Income and Wealth》2023,69(4):838-860
I provide lower and upper bound estimates of inequality of opportunity (IOp) for 32 European countries, between 2005 and 2019. Lower bound estimates use machine learning methods to address sampling variability. Upper bound estimates use longitudinal data to capture all-time invariant factors. Across all years and countries, lower bound estimates of IOp account from 6 percent to 60 percent of total income inequality, while upper bound estimates account from 20 percent to almost all income inequality. On average, upper bound IOp saw a slight decrease in the aftermath of the Great Recession, recovering and stabilizing at around 80 percent of total inequality in the second half of the 2010s. Lower bound estimates for 2005, 2011, and 2019 show a similar pattern. My findings suggest that lower and upper bound estimates complement each other, corroborating information and compensating each other's weaknesses, highlighting the relevance of a bounded estimate of IOp. 相似文献
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通过回顾现有文献,梳理了包容性增长的提出和倡导背景、内涵本质、实现对策,以及包容性增长的度量和实证量化研究及其具体应用。研究表明,从具体的应用领域和行业层面切入进行深度研究,进而在度量方法方面有所突破,探寻经验证据并提出具有针对性和可操作性的政策建议,是包容性增长研究可行的方向,可以推动包容性增长的践行。 相似文献
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A growing literature has tried to measure the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities to acquire income. At the same time, policymakers have doubled down on efforts to go beyond income when designing policies to enhance well‐being. We attempt to bridge these two areas by measuring the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities to achieve a high level of well‐being. We use the German Socio‐Economic Panel to measure well‐being in four different ways, including incomes. This makes it possible to determine if the way in which well‐being is measured matters for identifying who the opportunity‐deprived are and for tracking inequality of opportunity over time. We find that, regardless of how well‐being is measured, the same people are opportunity‐deprived and equality of opportunity has improved over the past 10 years. This suggests that going beyond income has little relevance if the objective is to provide equal opportunities. 相似文献
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尹素琴 《新疆财经学院学报》2009,(4):57-60
公民政治参与是当代世界各国政治民主化进程的一个重要标尺。新中国成立60年来,伴随着社会主义经济的改革与发展,我国公民政治参与也经历了曲折的三个阶段。特别是改革开放以来,公民政治参与的主体、领域、意识、手段都发生了变化,从这些表面变化中可以透视其内在的嬗变：从革命型、动员型、激情化向建设型、自主型、理性化转变。未来中国,公民政治参与还将不断完善。 相似文献
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This study empirically explores the determinants of political participation. Using data from the European Social Survey, we investigate the relationship between political participation and personal values, using the Schwartz (1992) values inventory. A political participation hierarchy is theorized, and activities are categorized into four levels of participation (none, weak, medium and strong), based on the cost of participating and how unconventional the activity is. Empirical analysis points to individuals who are more open to change and more self-transcendent, being more likely to participate. Sub-sample analysis, contrasting East and West Europe, suggests that the role for personal values is more subdued in the East, with respect to moving individuals from not participating to at least voting. Furthermore, the use of a generalized ordered logit model in this study illustrates the complex nature of many of the determinants of political participation. In particular, we find that the influence of the majority of individual characteristics is not monotonic in nature, as you move up through the political participation hierarchy. These findings are important for researchers and policy-makers who may be interested in understanding determinants of and/or enhancing the level of political participation in an economy. 相似文献
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网络政治参与是信息时代出现的一种新的政治参与方式,正在成为政治参与主体行使民主权力、促进政治发展和政治文明建设的重要组成部分。但网络政治参与中存在一些问题严重阻碍了我国民主政治建设的进程。主要从这些问题出发,通过对问题的成因进行研究,有对应性地提出解决的方法,对于促进网络政治参与的健康发展,建设社会主义民主政治建设具有重要的理论意义。 相似文献
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农民工的城市融入已发展到政治参与及制度改革的关键时期。基于2012年对昆明市2084个农民工政治参与问卷调研数据,采取对数回归方法分析农民工政治融入的影响因素。农民工的政治参与开始从农村向城市转移,但城市参与度低于农村参与度,政治融入水平偏低;新生代、建筑业农民工的城市参与不足,精英农民工的政治融入需求凸显,亟待开辟制度化的参与途径提升其政治地位;对农民工的政治融入具有显著影响的是政治资本、社会资本与文化资本,而经济资本几乎没有影响。农民工政治融入的困境在于城市正式组织发展的滞后所带来的资本匮乏及参与不足。 相似文献
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This article analyses the relationship between equality of opportunity and the characteristics of the educational system, jointly considering country- and school-level policies. Because school social environment represents a fundamental channel in shaping educational opportunities, we consider all policies, recorded in PISA 2012 dataset, that affect the sorting of students to schools. We show that including sorting policies enriches the explanation of the socio-economic gradient, that is, the association between students’ performances and parental background, with respect to previous studies including only country-level features. The negative impact of early tracking on equality of opportunity is overvalued without including other sorting policies, while grouping students’ within-school by ability increases the socio-economic gradient and a greater students’ heterogeneity in the school reduces the gradient. 相似文献
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Vincenzo Carrieri Apostolos Davillas Andrew M. Jones 《Review of Income and Wealth》2023,69(4):861-885
Using nine waves of data from Understanding Society (UKHLS), we study the expansion of higher education in the UK and its consequences for levels of and inequalities in income, physical and mental health. University expansion was characterized by a large increase in the proportion of graduates, with higher rates of graduation among individuals from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Having controlled for birth cohort and lifecycle effects, there is evidence of significant inequality of opportunity (IOp) in the actual outcomes. However, comparing actual outcomes with counterfactual projections, that freeze the likelihood of university graduation and the joint distribution of graduation and circumstances to the pre-1963 levels, we do not detect an impact of the expansion of higher education on IOp in income and only small reductions in IOp in physical and mental health. 相似文献
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周巍 《湖南经济管理干部学院学报》2008,(2):22-26
非营利组织政治参与指非营利组织试图影响政府政策过程的活动。非营利组织政治参与具有参与议题广泛性、参与目标非营利性、参与行为公开和主动性、参与客体多元且与知识分子关系密切等特征。非营利组织政治参与的途径有滞￡供相关信息和政策建议;私人接触;直接代表;提起行政复议和诉讼;参加听证会;举办学术会议、座谈会、论坛;出版期刊、杂志、报纸;联盟游说;组织连署活动;借助新闻媒介;借助国际力量;抗议和暴力对抗活动等。 相似文献
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新农村建设对于构建和谐社会意义重大。要减少城乡分治的二元结构,现行的土地制度及农民自身局限性等因素的影响,需进一步发展农村经济和教育事业,培育新型农民。 相似文献
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本文检验了民营企业家参政议政与企业发展路径的关系,企业是选择做大规模还是提高效益?实证结果发现,民营企业家借助参政议政这种战略资源,企业规模首先实现快速扩张,总收入有显著增长,而反映企业变强的效益指标,则在规模扩张两年之后显著超过对比组,其中国家级政治身份样本显著.本文深化了对中国民营企业家参政议政的实证研究,发现了中国民企借助参政议政等资源,通过规模的快速扩张实现盈利能力增强的发展逻辑. 相似文献
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Socialist societies often emphasized the abolition of traditional social classes. To achieve this objective, educational opportunities were at times ‘actively managed’ and allocated to children of less educated parents. What happened to these patterns after the demise of socialist rule in Eastern Europe? We study the development of educational mobility after the fall of the iron curtain in East Germany and compare the relevance of parental educational background for secondary schooling in East and West Germany. Based on the data from the German Mikrozensus we find that educational mobility is lower in East than in West Germany and that it has been falling in East Germany after unification. While the educational advantage of girls declined over time, having many siblings presents a more substantial disadvantage in East than in West Germany. 相似文献
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Manuel Couret Branco 《Review of social economy》2016,74(4):369-389
In this paper, I sustain that the discourse of economics has become one of the most substantial contributors to the erosion of the democratic ideal. The first argument used in this case against economics concerns its attempt to be considered a neo-naturalistic science; the second, the fact that economics considers democracy contradictory to the expression of its scientific rationality and; the third, the fact that economics crowds out people from decision-making processes by pushing them into the hands of experts. Because partisan political programmes have essentially become economic programmes, economics should contribute to substantive democracy. In order to do so, an alternative discourse to mainstream economics must be proposed. An economics favourable to substantive democracy should, thereby, be political rather than naturalistic, pluralist rather than monist and, instead of crowding out people from decisions processes, should aim at the co-production of economic knowledge with those concerned by the outcome of economic decisions. 相似文献
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Taking advantage of China's send‐down movement as a natural experiment, we investigate how experiencing a political movement during adolescence affects political participation decades later. Using data from the China Family Panel Survey and the regression discontinuity design, we find that the send‐down experience significantly reduces individuals’ political participation, measured by their participation in community committee elections, time spent on community service activities and how much they care about public news. Further analysis suggests that the send‐down experience negatively affects political participation through poorer mental health and less trust in local government. 相似文献
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Marisa Hidalgo‐Hidalgo 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2014,116(4):964-981
Parents and policy‐makers often wonder whether and how the choice of a tracked or mixed educational system affects the equality of opportunity. I answer this question by analyzing the influence of peers on future educational results. I define an equal opportunity policy as one that maximizes the average lifetime income of the worst‐off type of individuals in society (i.e., students from disadvantaged backgrounds). I find that tracking maximizes average lifetime income if the opportunity cost of college attendance is sufficiently high. 相似文献