森林认证产品支付意愿和溢价接受度影响因素研究——以山东龙口为例

基于214份龙口市木制家具产品支付意愿和溢价接受度问卷数据,采用Logistic回归对消费者森林认证产品支付意愿和溢价接受度进行实证分析。结果表明：月收入、对环境热点问题的关注度、是否听过或见过森林认证标识、对推广森林认证的态度等变量对消费者支付意愿具有显著影响;性别、年龄、受教育程度、月收入、对环境热点问题的关注度、是否听过或见过森林认证标识等变量对消费者溢价接受度有显著影响。因此,提出了建立有效的森林认证推广机制,增强消费者的生态环保意识,突出森林认证产品的优势,刺激消费者的需求和调整森林认证费用,以提高消费者森林认证产品支付意愿和溢价接受度。     

岷江上游森林生态系统服务条件价值评估

针对岷江上游森林生态系统服务现状,采用条件价值评估法(CVM),以支付卡形式设计了374份调查问卷,调查了岷江流域居民对上游森林生态系统服务的支付意愿(WTP)。结果表明:岷江流域60.80%的居民家庭对岷江上游森林生态系统服务存在支付意愿,平均支付意愿为每户每年44.00元。按照岷江流域现有家庭数量计算,岷江上游森林生态系统服务价值每年是5 507.48×104元。利用二元Logistic模型,对支付意愿与个人社会经济变量进行了较为详尽的分析,并对影响居民支付意愿的主要因素作了环境经济学解释。     

旅游者环境责任感会影响对游憩价值的支付意愿吗？——基于长三角高星级生态景区的倾向得分匹配分析

旅游者是享受与消费生态景区游憩服务的直接利益相关者,明确其环境责任感对游憩高星级生态景区价值支付意愿的影响机理是提升游憩服务精细化管理和公众参与的重要推动力,也是提高游憩服务质量的有效途径。近年来,随着"碳达峰、碳中和"目标被纳入中国生态文明建设的整体布局及全民生态文明教育的发展,公众参与生态景区游憩环境治理的意识也日益增强,但旅游者对生态景区游憩服务的支付偏好与环境责任感之间的影响机理尚不明确。基于此,文章引入"是否容忍游憩环境被破坏"作为旅游者环境责任感的重要表征变量,运用倾向得分匹配法分析了长三角高星级生态景区旅游者的环境责任感对该地区生态景区游憩价值付费意愿的影响。结果表明:(1)旅游者环境责任感对高星级生态景区游憩价值付费意愿的影响显著,即环境责任感和付费保护游憩服务间存在显著正相关关系,环境责任感强的旅游者比责任感弱的旅游者接受付费的概率增加11.2%;(2)受自然资源稀缺性、客流量及旅游者来源的影响,具有环境责任感的旅游者对4A级景区的付费意愿比5A级景区更显著,在5A级景区实验组旅游者的平均处理效应为11.9%,在4A级景区实验组旅游者的平均处理效应为12.9%。文章提出加强培育旅游者环境责任感、优化景区定价策略、在生态景区制定多样化、创新型的激励性补偿普惠措施等政策启示。     

支付宝“蚂蚁森林”对用户环保意识和行为的影响调查研究

支付宝蚂蚁森林的推出让更多人意识到环境保护的重要性。通过问卷调查,运用结构方程模型对有效问卷进行分析,对提出的假设进行验证。结果表明:7项假设中有5项成立,公众蚂蚁森林使用意愿会受到公益性、互动性和社会生态环境的影响,使用意愿对环保意识有影响作用,环保意识最终又对用户的环保行为产生影响。     

黄河下游居民生态补偿认知程度及支付意愿分析——基于对山东省的问卷调查

生态补偿机制是解决流域生态保护、协调流域上下游利益、促进全流域可持续发展的有效途径。本文使用CVM设计调查问卷,利用山东省16个市464份调查问卷数据,分析了黄河下游居民生态补偿的认知程度及支付意愿,并运用Probit二元离散选择模型分析了生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素。研究表明,该区域居民有一定的环境意识和生态补偿支付意愿,但大部分居民认为国家应该是补偿主体;受教育程度、工作优越性及收入与其生态补偿支付意愿存在着正相关关系,男性居民较女性居民的生态补偿支付意愿更高。     

对我国发展森林水文服务市场的相关问题探讨

以国际森林水文服务市场的发展动力、交易机制、市场参与者、交易范围等方面研究为基础,深入探讨了我国森林水文服务市场发展的2个问题:⑴从购买方、法律与政策、供应方的角度出发,探讨市场发展动力不足及如何进一步推动市场发展问题;⑵通过对流域下游公众森林水文服务意识、公众对森林水文有偿服务的态度及支付意愿的调查,对现阶段创建全流域森林水文服务市场的可能性进行探讨。     

公众环境意识的中日比较

针对公众对环境问题的认识程度、环境责任意识、对环境友好产品的支付愿意、获得环境信息的途径、环境保护行动等方面,进行了中日两国的比较。研究结论:(1)中日公众对环境问题的认识程度低于日本公众;(2)中日公众的环境支付意愿高于日本等发达国家;(3)中国公众获得环境信息与途径比较少。     

市民的城市森林功能感知及行为机制研究

以北京市城六区的城市森林为例构建市民视角下城市森林的功能体系,并基于2015—2017年实地调查获取的2975份市民调研问卷数据,利用结构方程模型(SEM)分析市民对城市森林功能的感知及行为机理。结果表明:市民的感知价值和个体感知会对其行为意愿产生直接影响;外界参照群体会对市民的行为意愿产生间接影响,其感知价值在此过程中发挥中介效应。因此,北京市首先要加强公众对城市森林的参与和认知程度;其次要提高城市森林相关政策的稳定性与可持续性,充分考虑公众需求;同时还要完善城市的各项功能,夯实城市森林的发展基础。     

农村生活污水治理受益农户付费行为分析——基于东江源水源地的农户调查

[目的]分析水源地农村生活污水治理中的农户参与及付费行为。[方法]文章运用单边界加支付卡式的改进条件价值评估法（CVM）,以东江源水源地500户农户调查微观数据为基础,采用Heckman两阶段模型分析农户付费行为差异及关键因素。[结果]（1）不同生活污水治理模式下样本农户同意进入付费情景的概率不同,支付意愿也不同,但差距不大;接入城（集）镇处理管网的农户平均支付意愿为8.55元/（月·户）,接入村落集中污水处理设施的农户平均支付意愿为4.42元/（月·户）,采用农户分散处理模式的农户平均支付意愿为5.63元/（月·户）。（2）村集体的参与、农户对水环境的感知变量均对农户付费行为有显著影响。其中,在第一阶段中区县变量、河流水质变化的感知、河流水质变化与污水处理关系认知、是否是集中污水处理设施覆盖村、文化程度、是否是村干部变量通过了显著检验,是影响受益农户是否同意付费的关键因素;在第二阶段中区县变量、本村生活污水处理治理成效满意度、收入通过了显著性检验,是影响受益农户支付水平的关键因素。[结论]应建立县级可持续的农村生活污水处理设施管护机制,明确污水处理设施管护责任主体,划分各主体职责,可...     

四川省森林认证支付意愿的统计研究

通过对森林认证支付意愿影响因素的分析,提出符合经济发展、生态保护共同要求下的森林认证发展相关建议,实现森林资源的可持续发展。文章采用描述统计分析和Logistic回归分析支付意愿影响因素。研究结果表明:四川当地居民从事的职业、年均收入、对森林认证知识和政策方面内容的了解程度及对森林认证的支持程度这四个影响因素对森林认证支付意愿有显著影响。     

Forest governance and economic values of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam

Forest ecosystems deliver valuable services to humanity. However, many forests are being degraded and their services have been undervalued. The main problem lies in the inadequate institutional arrangements for forest governance. This paper aims to assess the effects of alternative forest governance arrangements on the provision and economic values of forest ecosystem services (FES) in Vietnam. The study presents a framework for mapping land use and land cover (LULC) change stemming from actual and hypothetical changes in forest governance regimes, quantifies the resulting changes in the provision of FES, and estimates the associated economic values. In the context of the study site in the North Western uplands of Vietnam, we test three alternative forest governance scenarios: business as usual, with a dominant government role; a community-based governance regime; and a private, individual-based forestry governance regime. Scenarios are based quite closely on the way these regimes are (or might be expected to be) implemented in Vietnam. For each forest governance scenario, we map LULC changes based on land suitability analysis and transition likelihood for the period 2010 − 2020. The resulting maps are used as inputs into the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) model, which is used to estimate the quantity of three specific FES: carbon storage/sequestration, sediment yield, and water yield. We apply economic valuation methods to value these services: the social cost of carbon is used to estimate the economic values of carbon storage/sequestration; the cost of removing sediment deposited in reservoirs is applied for valuing the reduction of sediment yield, and the residual value of water supply for hydropower generation is used for valuing water yield. The results show that forest governance regimes have a significant effect not only on forest LULC, but also on the quantity and values of FES derived from forests. The FES are differentially affected by alternative forest governance regimes: some FES increase in quantity and value under some governance regimes and decrease under others. Of the three forest governance regimes examined, there is no one regime that will always be ‘better’ than the others in terms of provisioning all considered FES. For the specific context of Vietnam, we find that the private forest governance scenario is inferior to the community-based governance scenario, as an alternative to the current state-based governance. Because our results pertain to the scenarios as constructed, rather than generally to broad categories of governance regimes, there remains the possibility that regimes can be constructed that outperform all of those examined here.     

森林认证标识认知影响因素的实证分析——基于北京市488名消费者的调查

依据2014年8~10月对北京市488名消费者的问卷调查资料,运用二元因变量的Logistic回归模型,对影响消费者对森林认证标识认知的因素进行了实证分析。结果表明:影响消费者对森林认证标识认知的主要因素是职业、对森林状况的了解、信息渠道和通常对于标识的信任度。最后就如何提高消费者对森林认证标识的认知水平和信任程度给出了加大对森林认证及其标识的宣传力度;充分利用多种宣传渠道展开对森林认证及其标识的宣传;增强国人的森林资源危机意识;更多地组织保护森林资源的活动;积极开拓国内森林认证产品市场;加大对森林认证产品的监督管理;消费者应增强自身的环保意识、绿色消费意识和责任意识等建议。     

Mapping hotspots and bundles of forest ecosystem services across the European Union

Forests cover about 40 % of the European Union (EU), providing a wide spectrum of invaluable ecosystem services to more than half a billion people. In order to protect and harness this crucial asset, EU policies are advancing multifunctional management. This study lays a basis for such an effort by mapping the supply of key forest ecosystem services (FES) across the entire EU: wood, water supply, erosion control, pollination, habitat protection, soil formation, climate regulation and recreation. To further support the operationalization of multifunctionality and targeting of policies, our analysis delineates hotspots, assesses synergies and tradeoffs, and identifies spatial bundles.We generated maps at 1-km resolution starting from existing datasets through simple modelling (Tier 1). Out of these maps, we denoted the highest supplying pixels (i.e. top 20 %) as hotspots, and performed correlation analysis to detect synergies and tradeoffs. Finally, we used cluster analysis to identify FES bundles. Our analysis shows that hotspots of single FES are spread across the entire EU and that forests of mountain regions and Central Europe (particularly France, Germany, Slovakia) supply significant amounts of multiple FES. The cluster analysis resulted in four bundles: “balanced” in the northeast, “wood & water” in the center, “soil carbon” in the north and “rural-recreational” in the south. While a purely quantitative analysis of the produced maps may be misleading because of the strong links between FES supply and climatic and socio-economic conditions, overlaying hotspots and bundles with administrative layers can be a first step to inform about the role of different countries and regions in securing the sustainable supply of European FES.     

Adverse Selection in the Environmental Stewardship Scheme: Does the Higher Level Stewardship Scheme Design Reduce Adverse Selection?

The Environmental Stewardship Scheme provides payments to farmers for the provision of environmental services based on foregone agricultural income. This creates a potential incentive compatibility problem which, combined with information asymmetry about farm land potential, can lead to adverse selection of land into the Scheme and therefore a less cost‐effective provision of environmental goods and services. However, the Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) Scheme design includes some features that potentially reduce adverse selection. This paper studies the adverse selection problem of the HLS using a principal‐agent framework at the regional level. It is found that, at the regional level, the enrolment of more land from lower payment regions for a given budget constraint has reduced the adverse selection problem through contracting a greater overall area and thus higher overall environmental benefit. In addition, for landscape regions with the same payment rate (i.e. of the same agricultural value), differential weighting of the public demand for environmental goods and services provided by agriculture (measured by weighting an environmental benefit function by the distance to main cities) appears to be reflected in the regulator’s allocation of contracts, thereby also reducing the adverse selection problem.     

Analysing foregone costs of communities and carbon benefits in small scale community based forestry practice in Nepal

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon (REDD+) are considered to be important cost effective approaches for global climate change mitigation; therefore, such practices are evolving as the REDD+ payment mechanism in developing countries. Using six years (2006–2012) data, this paper analyses trade-offs between carbon stock gains and the costs incurred by communities in generating additional carbon in 105 REDD+ pilot community forests in Nepal. It estimates foregone benefits for communities engaged in increasing carbon stocks in various dominant vegetation types. At recent carbon and commodity prices, communities receive on average US$ 0.47/ha/year of carbon benefits with the additional cost of US$ 67.30/ha/year. One dollar’s worth of community cost resulted 0.23 Mg of carbon sequestration. Therefore, carbon payment alone may not be an attractive incentive within small-scale community forestry and should link with payments for ecosystem services. Moreover, the study found highest community sacrificed benefits in Shorea mixed broadleaf forests and lowest in Schima-Castanopsis forests, while carbon benefits were highest in Pine forests followed by Schima-Castanopsis forests and lowest in Rhododendron-Quercus forests. This indicates that costs and benefits may vary by vegetation type. A policy should consider payment for other environmental services, carbon gains, co-benefits and trade off while designing the REDD+ mechanism in community based forest land use practice with equitable community outcomes. The learning from this study will help in the formulation of an appropriate REDD+ policy for community forestry.     

全球视角下的森林生态补偿理论和实践——国际经验与发展趋势

综合介绍和比较国际上主要森林生态补偿方式。重点通过各种森林生态补偿案例分析各种补偿方式的支付工具、参与主体、定价机制、应用中的优势和存在的问题。最后对森林生态补偿方式的发展趋势进行了分析,并且对未来的研究方向进行了探讨。     

林农视角福建省林业生产类公共信息服务研究

通过问卷调查了解福建省永安市、尤溪县、连城县、永泰县这4个重点林区林农生产类公共信息服务需求情况。在此基础上,以林农个体特征、诱导因素、生产类公共信息服务获取渠道、信息质量、林农付费意愿、林农对信息服务人员的认可等作为林农生产类公共信息服务需求的预期影响因素,利用多元线性回归分别对林农生产类公共信息服务需求影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明:林农需求的主要影响因素为林农的健康状况、家庭林业年收入、林农付费意愿、对服务人员的认可和信息获取渠道数。因此,提出拓宽林农公共信息服务获取渠道;从数量和质量上提高林业公共信息服务水平;注重信息服务人员与林农需求之间的对接以及提高林农对信息的认知等建议。