美联储迎来伯南克时代

伯南克,这位长着大络腮胡子的经济学家兼美联储理事,即将成为美联储新的掌门人.在获得布什提名后,伯南克立即表示,他将尽一切力量,与美联储的同僚合作,确保美国经济维持繁荣稳定.寥寥数语向市场传达了非常明确的政策信号：在短时间内,新任联储主席不会执行与格林斯潘风格迥异的货币政策.但就未来美联储的货币政策目标而言,主张通货膨胀目标制的伯南克显然会比格林斯潘走得更远.     

美国货币政策走进伯南克时代

2006年2月1日,美国总统布什亲自前往联储位于华盛顿宪法大街的乳白色大楼,参加了本·伯南克(Ben Bernanke)就任第十四任美联储主席的宣誓就职仪式。这是自1913年美联储成立以来,美国总统第三次访问联储。前两次分别是:1937年10月20日罗斯福总统出席联储第一栋大楼的落成典礼;1975年7月14日福特总统出席前联储理事杰克逊(Philip C.Jackson,Jr.)的就职仪式。在就职仪式上,伯南克强调将保持美联储货币政策的连续性,以确保美国经济在低通货膨胀环境下继续实现强劲增长。但这是否意味着伯南克在货币政策的制定和实施上将完全继承格林斯潘的衣…     

全球经济不平衡背后

伯南克在一年前的两次讲演中所提出的问题,即全球不平衡问题,已经是国际上广泛引起人们关注的问题。美联储主席格林斯潘终于退休,他的继承人,原普林斯顿大学经济学教授伯南克已经正式上任。关于伯南克的货币政策特征的分析与猜测还在继续,但他在大约'年     

海外速递

美联储领导人表示控制通货膨胀应为联储的首要任务，伯南克被提名担任下届美联储主席，日本希望加快中日韩投资协定的磋商。[编者按]     

国际金融信息

>>伯南克称美联储可能通过购买国债来支撑经济。美国联储主席伯南克在得克萨斯州奥斯汀商会发表演讲时表示,联储进一步下调利率的空间明显有限,但可利     

量化宽松货币政策:根源、机制和效果

美欧等发达经济体早已深陷负利率和流动性陷阱,量化宽松货币政策传导机制基本失效,难以达到预期效果量化宽松和伯南克的货币政策准则当地时间2012年9月13日,美联储正式宣布实施第三轮量化宽松货币政策(简称QE3)。根据联储公报,QE3包括如下举措:第一,每月新增购买400亿美元联邦机构发行的抵押债券,主要是联邦房贷机构发行的债券。第二,继续实施利率扭曲操作,以降低长期利率。加上利率扭曲操作的长期债券购买量,到今年年底,联储每月购买的债券量为850亿美元,与第二轮量化宽松购债量持平。     

通货膨胀预期与通货膨胀预测

今天,我将就货币政策、通货膨胀与公众的通货膨胀预期三者之间的关系谈谈我的看法,并简单介绍联储是如何预测通货膨胀的,包括我们如何将通货膨胀预期运用到通货膨胀的预测过程。     

美联储紧缩货币政策降低通货膨胀的效果评估与预期

美国自2021年以来发生的通货膨胀是总需求和总供给失衡、金融条件过于宽松、货币供给超常大幅增长三个层次共同驱动的结果。美联储为了应对通胀,开启紧缩货币政策周期,目前关于政策的效果仍难判断和预期。本文基于这三个层次,同时考虑紧缩政策的力度及滞后效应,评估紧缩政策已经发生的存量累积效果,并分析和预测其未来的边际增量效果。研究发现,联储的宽松货币政策渗透在以上三个层次之中,成为通胀上升的重要政策因素;联储紧缩政策的逆操作对于降低通胀具有重要作用,但因联储政策紧缩而升息的实际程度可能比联储预期更高,政策滞后期更短。这说明联储的政策效果已充分显现,继续采取紧缩政策的效果有限,并且过度紧缩可能由于抑制总需求从而增加经济衰退风险。     

9月会议或是联储政策分水岭

伯南克并未在8月26日全球央行行长会议上明确提出将推出新一轮量化宽松（QE3）．而是承诺货币政策将继续宽松以刺激经济增长．并将在9月20日联储会议上深入讨论后续刺激政策。当前美国系列经济数据发出经济复苏减弱从而需要更多政策刺激的明显信号。     

数字经济对经济高质量发展的作用机制研究

摘要：美国自2021年以来发生的通货膨胀是总需求和总供给失衡、金融条件过于宽松、货币供给超常大幅增长三个层次共同驱动的结果。美联储为了应对通胀,开启紧缩货币政策周期,目前关于政策的效果仍难判断和预期。本文基于这三个层次,同时考虑紧缩政策的力度及滞后效应,评估紧缩政策已经发生的存量累积效果,并分析和预测其未来的边际增量效果。研究发现,联储的宽松货币政策渗透在以上三个层次之中,成为通胀上升的重要政策因素;联储紧缩政策的逆操作对于降低通胀具有重要作用,但因联储政策紧缩而升息的实际程度可能比联储预期更高,政策滞后期更短。这说明联储的政策效果已充分显现,继续采取紧缩政策的效果有限,并且过度紧缩可能由于抑制总需求从而增加经济衰退风险。     

The changing relation between the Canadian and U.S. yield curves

The term structures of Canada and of the United States, two countries with historically interdependent economic ties, have been closely linked. We investigate the link between Canadian and U.S. yield curves and show previously strong correlations between yield curve components dissipate after Canadian monetary policy reforms in the early 1990s. We attribute the separated ties to the adoption of explicit inflation targets in 1991 and the maintenance of credibility in price stability as a central policy goal by the Bank of Canada. The effect is particularly evident in the diminished cross-country correlations of the short term bond yields. Additionally, there exists strong evidence of cointegration before the reforms, evidence which weakens after the policy change date. Lastly, the results on the term structure are shown using a vector autoregression with an endogenously determined break date for Canadian and U.S. estimates of the three-factor Nelson and Siegel (1987) yield curve model.     

我国货币政策中介目标选择的思考

货币政策中介目标的确定关系到货币政策最终目标是否能够实现,然而无论是从相关性、可控性还是可测性上来看,货币供应量作为我国央行中介目标客观上已经不合时宜。在利率和汇率尚未完全市场化的情况下,解决货币供应量目标制存在问题的方法是放弃任何中介目标,采取通货膨胀率目标制。     

Why Don’t Oil Shocks Cause Inflation? Evidence from Disaggregate Inflation Data

This paper uses disaggregate U.S. inflation data to evaluate explanations for the breakdown of the relationship between oil price shocks and consumer price inflation. A data set with measures of inflation, energy intensity, labor intensity, and sensitivity to monetary policy is constructed for 97 sectors that make up core CPI inflation. A comparison of the 1973–85 and 1986–2006 time periods reveals that substitution away from energy use in production and monetary policy were both important, with approximately two‐thirds of the change in response of inflation to oil shocks being due to reduced energy usage, and one‐third to monetary policy. We find no evidence that other factors, such as changes in wage rigidities or changes in the persistence of oil shocks, played a role.     

U.S. monetary policy indicators and international stock returns: 1970-2001

It is documented in the literature that U.S. and many international stock returns series are sensitive to U.S. monetary policy. Using monthly data, this empirical study examines the short-term sensitivity of six international stock indices (the Standard & Poor 500 [S&P] Stock Index, the Morgan Stanley Capital International [MSCI] European Stock Index, the MSCI Pacific Stock Index, and three MSCI country stock indices: Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom) to two major groups of U.S. monetary policy indicators. These two groups, which have been suggested by recent research to influence stock returns, are based on the U.S. discount rate and the federal funds rate. The first group focuses on two binary variables designed to indicate the stance in monetary policy. The second group of monetary indicators involves the federal funds rate and includes the average federal funds rate, the change in the federal funds rate, and the spread of the federal funds rate to 10-year Treasury note yield. Dividing the sample period (1970-2001) into three monetary operating regimes, we find that not all policy indicators influence international stock returns during all U.S. monetary operating periods or regimes. Our results imply that the operating procedure and/or target vehicle used by the Federal Reserve Board (Fed) influences the efficacy of the policy indicator. We suggest caution in using any monetary policy variable to explain and possibly forecast U.S. and international stock returns in all monetary conditions.     

通货膨胀动态与我国货币政策走向

本文首先在理论上分析了通货膨胀在货币政策制定与实施中的地位,然后深入探讨通货膨胀的决定因素与通货膨胀惯性之间的关系,最后在简要总结我国2009年上半年的宏观经济金融形势的基础上对未来一段时期我国的通货膨胀态势与货币政策走向进行预测.     

External shocks, U.S. monetary policy and macroeconomic fluctuations in emerging markets

Estimated structural VARs show that external shocks are an important source of macroeconomic fluctuations in emerging markets. Furthermore, U.S. monetary policy shocks affect interest rates and the exchange rate in a typical emerging market quickly and strongly. The price level and real output in a typical emerging market respond to U.S. monetary policy shocks by more than the price level and real output in the U.S. itself. These findings are consistent with the idea that “when the U.S. sneezes, emerging markets catch a cold.” At the same time, U.S. monetary policy shocks are not important for emerging markets relative to other kinds of external shocks.     

U.S. Monetary Policy and International Bond Markets

This paper analyzes how U.S. monetary policy affects the pricing of dollar‐denominated sovereign debt. We document that yields on dollar‐denominated sovereign bonds are highly responsive to U.S. monetary policy surprises—during both the conventional and unconventional policy regimes—and that the passthrough of unconventional policy to foreign bond yields is, on balance, comparable to that of conventional policy. In addition, a conventional U.S. monetary easing (tightening) leads to a significant narrowing (widening) of credit spreads on sovereign bonds issued by countries with a speculative‐grade credit rating but has no effect on the corresponding weighted average of bilateral exchange rates for a basket of currencies from the same set of risky countries; this indicates that an unanticipated tightening of U.S. monetary policy widens credit spreads on risky sovereign debt directly through the financial channel, as opposed to indirectly through the exchange rate channel. During the unconventional policy regime, yields on both investment‐ and speculative‐grade sovereign bonds move one‐to‐one with policy‐induced fluctuations in yields on comparable U.S. Treasuries. We also examine whether the response of sovereign credit spreads to US monetary policy differs between policy easings and tightenings and find no evidence of such asymmetry.     

Financial Shocks and Corporate Investment in Emerging Markets

We examine how cross-firm and cross-country heterogeneity shapes the responses of corporate investment in emerging markets to changes in U.S. monetary policy and financial-market volatility, the latter proxying for uncertainty. We find that in response to increases in U.S monetary policy rates or financial-market volatility, financially weaker firms reduce investment by more than financially strong firms. We also show that firms with stronger balance sheets delay investment voluntarily when faced with higher uncertainty. Finally, we find that stronger macroeconomic fundamentals (lower public debt or higher international reserves) help to buffer corporate investment from increases in U.S. monetary policy rates.     

次贷危机后美国货币政策对我国溢出效应研究

次贷危机爆发后美国经济遭受重创,国内经济萎靡。为此美联储采取了一系列宽松的货币政策。随着全球经济一体化的发展,一国货币政策的实施必然会对其他国家的经济产生溢出效应。本文通过建立向量自回归模型研究次贷危机后美国货币政策对我国的溢出效应。研究结果表明：消费者价格指数、工业增加值、联邦基金利率和广义货币供应量之间存在一个长期的协整关系。美国扩张性货币政策引起我国输入性通货膨胀,且对我国产出有一个负向的影响。     

适度提高通胀容忍度有利于引导和管理通胀预期

中央银行应当致力于提高货币政策透明度,设置合适的通胀目标,以此引导和管理通胀预期。现阶段经济主体对通货膨胀的容忍度有所提高,适度提高通胀目标能减少频繁的目标偏离,增强中央银行的公信力,提高货币政策的有效性。实证研究表明,4.5%左右和[2%,6%]可以作为现阶段通胀目标值和目标区间的参考值。