Who should be in power to encourage product program innovativeness,R&D or marketing?

The degree to which the research and development (R&D) department is regarded as more important for product innovativeness than is marketing, with greater potential to influence innovation decisions, appears ambiguous. This study examines how R&D’s level of power, relative to marketing’s, affects product program newness and meaningfulness, and thus market and financial performance. Relying on the motive of enhancement, this study reveals two underlying mechanisms to explain considerations of R&D and marketing depending on R&D’s power. A multi-informant sample of top executives and subordinates from 229 firms indicates distinct effects of R&D’s relative power on product program newness and meaningfulness. Specifically, R&D power exhibits a positive linear relationship with product program newness but a nonlinear effect with meaningfulness. To expand market and financial performance, firms should seek to generate meaningful product innovations through a moderate level of relative R&D power, particularly when their environments are characterized by high competitive intensity.     

Dynamic relationships among R&D,advertising, inventory and firm performance

Firms’ spending on R&D, advertising, and inventory holding affect firm performance, which in turn affects future spending in each of these three areas. Effective allocation of resources across R&D, advertising, and inventory holding is challenging since an understanding of their dynamic inter-relationships is necessary. Past research has not examined these spending issues simultaneously. We estimate inter-relationships among the effects of firms’ R&D spending, advertising spending, and inventory holding on sales and firm value (as measured by its Tobin’s Q) using a vector auto regression model of a panel of publicly listed U.S. high technology manufacturing firms. Insights from the computation of long-term effects indicate that advertising spending and inventory holding increase sales, while R&D spending does not, and advertising and R&D spending increase firm value, while inventory holding does not. In addition, firm spending in all three functions is positively affected by sales but negatively by firm value. We discuss the implications of the study for marketing literature and managerial practice.     

本土市场规模与地区生产率:对“市场范围”假说的实证检验

本文基于斯密的"市场范围"假说,结合我国1990~2011年省级层面的发展数据,运用动态面板估计模型,研究了本土市场规模和地区生产率之间的作用关系,其中特别采用了随机前沿模型(SFA)对地区生产率及其分解进行了测度,所得结论为:无论从总体样本还是分时段样本,本土市场规模对地区技术效率均难以产生显著的促进作用,而对于地区技术进步和生产率而言,具有阶段性特征,即本土市场规模对地区技术进步和生产率的推动作用主要来源于1998年以后的分段样本;同时对人力资本、研发投入、基建设备、对外开放和外商直接投资等控制变量的回归,发现它们对地区生产率及其分解会产生异质性的影响。最后,基于这些结论,提出了相应的对策建议。     

数字化转型提升企业资本配置效率的机制研究

企业数字化转型具有信息环境改善效应、公司治理完善效应以及融资约束缓解效应,从而能够优化企业的投资决策,促进企业资本配置效率提升。以2007—2020年沪深A股上市公司为样本,采用调节效应模型检验数字化转型对企业资本配置效率的影响,分析发现：数字化转型会增强企业投资水平与投资机会的正相关性,表明数字化转型促进了企业资本配置效率提升;数字化转型对信息不对称程度较高、代理问题较大、融资约束较强企业具有更为显著的资本配置效率提升作用,表明数字化转型能够通过缓解企业的信息不对称、代理问题和融资约束等提升资本配置效率;对于研发强度较高、金融化程度较高、银企关联程度较低、成长期、规模较小的企业,数字化转型具有更为显著的资本配置效率提升作用;数字化转型还可以显著促进企业的会计业绩提升。因此,企业应持续推进数字化转型,并积极改善信息环境、完善公司治理、缓解融资约束,以更好地把握投资机会,提高投资决策质量和资本配置效率。     

黑箱:研究与试验性发展过程

针对技术创新过程存在不确定性,指出了研究与试验性发展过程是一个“黑箱”;依据研发流程进行了阶段划分,分析了研究与试验性发展过程与多个子环节并行协同关系;通过按研究与试验性发展过程阶段不确定性影响因素进行了“黑箱”解剖分析。     

企业社会责任履行、R&D投入与财务绩效——基于我国主板上市公司的经验证据

在当前市场竞争环境中,社会责任履行情况已成为企业竞争的重要因素之一,而企业选择主动承担社会责任是否能够有效促进财务绩效的提高和企业价值的实现?基于我国A股上市公司2010-2015年六年数据共3181个研究样本,研究不同作用机制下企业社会责任履行情况、R&D投入与财务绩效的三者的复杂关系。实证结果表明：（1）企业履行社会责任与财务绩效呈正相关关系;（2）不同的作用机制不会改变企业社会责任履行与财务绩效的正相关关系;（3）技术创新投入增强了企业社会责任对企业财务绩效的积极影响,但是这一结果主要是基于研发投入与战略性社会责任的履行保持一致对企业绩效产生正向的刺激效果,而研发投入对利他性社会责任与财务绩效的调节作用表现并不显著。     

Customer relationship management and company performance—the mediating role of new product performance

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is widely accepted as an effective approach for collecting, analyzing, and translating valuable customer information into managerial action. However, the potential of CRM has been investigated only in the context of existing products. CRM’s potential to aid in future new product development (NPD) has been neglected. We develop a conceptual framework in which multiple facets of CRM are linked to new product and company performance. We test this model based on a cross-functional sample consisting of 115 R&D and 122 Marketing managers from firms spanning multiple industries. The results provide evidence that CRM has a positive effect on new product performance and further, that this effect is moderated by CRM reward systems but not CRM technology. We also show that new product performance mediates the relationship between CRM and company performance. These findings have important implications for research and practice in both the CRM and NPD areas.     

东道国禀赋、本地创新与OFDI逆向技术溢出效应

利用对外直接投资（OFDI）形成的逆向技术溢出推动国内经济高质量发展是实现国内国际双循环相互促进的重要路径。以30个省份为样本地区、45个“一带一路”沿线国家为样本东道国,采用2008—2020年面板数据,分析OFDI逆向技术溢出对地区制造业全要素生产率（GTFP）的影响,并从技术差距、技术差异和技术吸收能力角度探讨OFDI逆向技术溢出效应的产生机制和异质性表现,结果发现：OFDI逆向技术溢出的增加可以显著促进地区制造业GTFP（包括绿色技术进步和绿色技术效率）提升;相比对自然资源充裕型东道国OFDI,对技术充裕型东道国OFDI能够产生更强的逆向技术溢出效应,但对市场充裕型东道国OFDI的逆向技术溢出与地区制造业GTFP负相关;OFDI逆向技术溢出效应在东、中、西部地区表现出依次增强的趋势,表明技术差距的缩小会减弱OFDI逆向技术溢出效应;高新技术行业的OFDI逆向技术溢出效应显著,而传统行业的OFDI逆向技术溢出效应不显著,表明技术差异的扩大会增强OFDI逆向技术溢出效应;地区研发强度和创新能力对OFDI逆向技术溢出效应具有正向调节作用,表明本地技术吸收能力增强可以强化OFDI逆向技术溢出效应。因此,应采取差异化的国际投资策略以更好地利用OFDI逆向技术溢出效应来促进高质量发展。     

“长三角”加强与跨国公司投资及研发合作的对策建议

建立上海多极型研发中心是十分重要而紧迫的战略任务。为此，应加快长三角开放式研发信息中心的建设，加快建设与跨国公司对接的科技中介服务体系；选择在全球跨国公司产业链中具有相对竞争优势和发展潜力的企业及项目，作为优先支持的重点领域，并制定与国际惯例接轨的阶段性优惠政策。     

Effect of analysts’ earnings pressure on marketing spending and stock market performance

Despite the clearly visible effects of analysts’ pressures on C-level executives in the popular press, there is limited evidence on their effects on marketing spending decisions. This study asks two questions. First, how do analysts’ pressures affect firms’ short-term marketing spending decisions? Based on a sample of 2706 firms during 1987–2009 compiled from Institutional Brokers Earning System, COMPUSTAT, and CRSP databases we find that firms cut marketing spending. Second, more importantly, we ask if firms which remained more committed in the past to marketing spending under analysts’ pressures have higher longer-term stock market performance. We find that the stock market performance of firms more committed to marketing spending under past periods of analysts’ pressures is higher. The findings are replicated for R&D spending and are robust across measures, controls, and methodologies. Consideration of two industry-based moderators, R&D spending and revenue growth, and one firm-based moderator, whether the firm is among the industry’s top four market share or other lower share firms, reveals that the findings are stronger for high R&D and growth industries and lower market share firms. One key implication is that top executives respond to analysts’ pressures by cutting marketing spending in the short term; however, if they can resist these pressures, longer-term stock market performance is higher.     

我国全要素生产率的测算及R＆D溢出对其影响分析

运用索洛残差法估算1979—2004年的全要素生产率，并对我国全要素生产率增长和经济增长源泉做了简要分析；从新增长理论的一个分支——内生创新论出发，分析贸易影响一国创新率及全要素生产率变化的理论机制，运用内生创新论的Coe＆Helpman的贸易的技术溢出模型对国内和国外溢出的R＆D对我国全要素生产率增长的贡献进行实证分析。在理论分析和实证研究的基础上，提出了相关的政策建议。     

基于动态偏离-份额和灰色关联分析的陕西入境旅游产业结构与竞争力分析

综合使用动态-偏离份额和灰色关联分析法,对陕西省2000-2007年入境旅游产业结构和竞争力进行了研究,并且分析了入境旅游产业各部门收入与入境旅游总收入之间的关联性。结果显示：考察期内陕西省入境旅游产业及其各部门的发展水平低于全国平均水平。其中,需求弹性较大的娱乐和游览部门与旅游外汇收入的关联度较低,所占比重较小,前者结构效益低下且缺乏竞争力,后者仅竞争力有一定优势;商品部门关联度较大却缺乏竞争优势;交通、住宿和餐饮部门的旅游外汇收入关联度较大,但都只有弱竞争力,其中交通部门结构效益最差。     

International alliances: Why now?

Conclusion Varadarajan and Cunningham (1995) suggest several items for further research, including “Why are strategic alliances more pervasive in some industries relative to others?” (p. 294) and “Which objectives are best pursued using an alliance strategy?” (p. 295). The speculations offered here suggest that such research can be more deeply grounded in the industry structure. For example, one can suggest that the competitive intensity and the degree to which markets are global will help explain why ISAs in distribution and manufacturing are formed. It is also possible to advance the hypothesis that where the objectives of the alliances revolve around R&D, the speed of new product introductions will predict an increasing reliance on ISAs. The main proposition emerging out of the theoretical speculation is that international SAs in R&D have arisen because unique and protected technological know-how is a thing of the past. No firm in a competitive industry can any longer expect to be alone with a unique technological capability. Thus there is no reason to avoid collaborating with “the enemy,” the competitors. The second proposition is that some firms need to be in multiple markets and products to compete effectively and that alliances are an efficient way to leverage scarce resources. Distribution and manufacturing ISAs are organizational consequences of lean manufacturing and re-engineering. He is an expert in the areas of international marketing strategy and consumer decision making, especially as applied to Japanese and European companies and markets, and has published extensively. Johansson has held faculty positions at the University of Washington and the University of Illinois and has held several visiting appointments in Japan, Europe, Canada, and the United States. He is on the editorial boards of several prestigious journals. Johansson earned his Ph.D. and M.B.A. degrees from the University of California, Berkeley, and his undergraduate degree (Civilekonom) at the Stockholm School of Economics.     

Where does pride lead? Corporate managerial hubris and strategic emphasis

A firm’s strategic emphasis on value creation versus appropriation, which is typically reflected in its resource allocation between R&D and advertising, is a central corporate decision that significantly influences financial performance. However, the drivers of such decisions remain underexplored. This study identifies a significant predictor of strategic emphasis, namely, corporate managerial hubris, and reveals some of its boundary conditions. Leveraging a unique dataset based on text mining of press releases issued by over 400 firms across 13 years, the authors demonstrate that high corporate managerial hubris predicts low strategic emphasis on advertising relative to R&D. However, this effect is mitigated significantly by firm maturity, corporate governance, and industry-level strategic emphasis. The results provide novel insights into the effects of hubris on firm spending, the situations wherein marketing decisions tend to be subject to managers’ psychological bias, the means of preventing over- or under-investment in marketing strategy, and the recruitment and training of managers.     

R&D资源配置扭曲对省域创新绩效的影响研究

本文引入超越对数形式生产函数,利用中国30个省份规模以上工业企业2009—2020年面板数据,从理论层面论证了R&D资源配置扭曲对省域创新绩效的影响路径,并剖析了研发模式与企业家精神对二者关系的调节作用。研究发现:R&D资源配置扭曲对省域创新绩效并非只有负面影响,在经济发展的不同阶段其影响机制不同;R&D人员配置扭曲、R&D资本配置扭曲对省域创新绩效的影响曲线分别是倒U形曲线和正U形曲线,且现阶段两者对省域创新绩效的作用都是正向影响;研发模式与企业家精神在R&D资源配置扭曲与省域创新绩效关系间存在显著的调节效应。     

基于 DEA 的农业综合开发财政支出效率省际差异分析

文章从中央财政专项转移支付视角,运用DEA方法实证研究了2003-2011年农业综合开发项目财政支出省际效率差异。结果表明：九年间农发项目财政支出综合效率均值大于0．8,总体有效;2011年的项目纯技术效率与规模效率较高地区占样本地区的58．06％,两率对于省区项目财政支出效率的提高具有共同制约作用;九年间专项转移支付在项目的资金占比均值为0．357778,该均值的波动与项目财政支出效率呈正相关性。最后,提出了具有可操作性的优化农发项目资源再分配机制的政策性建议。     

Linking multiple layers of innovation-oriented corporate culture, product program innovativeness, and business performance: a contingency approach

In recent years, firms have invested considerably in programs to raise their innovativeness by inspiring employees with an innovation-oriented corporate culture. However, extant literature is inconclusive on how an innovation-oriented culture leads to increases in product program innovativeness (PPI). This study investigates this question by analyzing a multilayer model of innovation-oriented corporate culture, using data from three different informants: marketing managers, R&D managers, and customers. The effects of innovation-oriented values and norms on PPI are fully mediated by cultural artifacts. Therefore, values and norms must be transformed into specific artifacts to exert an influence on innovativeness. Furthermore, market dynamism and technological turbulence have opposite moderating effects on the relationship between innovation-oriented artifacts and PPI. Market dynamism weakens this relationship, whereas technological turbulence strengthens it.     

效率和公平的交响:以唯物史观为视域——兼评乔恩·埃尔斯特对马克思思想的理解

在一定意义上,效率与公平理论是唯物史观的基本内涵或一条主线。在经济学和唯物史观的不同视域中,效率和公平具有不同的规定性。在唯物史观中,效率是指生产力的发展,公平是指分配公平或分配正义。经济关系中的公平分配是最基本的维度,而效率又包含着人的发展和经济增长两个基本维度,其中人的发展具有根本性,是最终价值。效率与公平都与人的发展呈现一种直接相关或正相关的关系。效率与公平不构成一个矛盾,不形成一种冲突性关系,而是以人的发展为目标的交响。人的发展效率是衡量和界定效率与公平关系的根本准则。在人的发展问题上,效率和公平都是第一性的,不存在谁先谁后和彼此冲突的问题。     

Patterns and performance outcomes of innovation orientation

Extant research has identified a broad set of antecedents of innovativeness, with the assumption that maximizing as many of them as possible leads to sustained innovativeness. However, companies usually face resource constraints and therefore must strive to identify and combine the most important drivers of superior innovativeness effectively. This research addresses this practical challenge by identifying typical patterns of innovation orientation and their associated performance outcomes. Drawing on configuration and boundary theory, the authors develop a framework and hypotheses, then use data from marketing managers, R&D managers, and customers to identify four patterns: integrated innovators, internally driven preservers, proactive customer-oriented innovators, and top-down innovators. The empirical results reveal performance differences across these patterns. An integrated approach leads to the highest innovativeness scores, but proactive customer-oriented innovators and top-down innovators enjoy the greatest financial success.     

R＆D投入绩效相关研究综述

从国家和企业两个层面,对R＆D投入绩效、R＆D投入与宏观经济增长的关系、R＆D投入与企业生产效率及企业业绩的关系的相关文献进行综述发现：大多数学者认为在宏观层面R＆D活动对国家和地区经济增长起到了促进作用;在微观层面,国外学者认为R＆D投入对企业的生产效率、市场价值及企业业绩具有显著的正面影响,国内学者由于样本选择差异及信息披露不足等原因,得出了不同的观点,一部分学者认为R＆D投入对企业的业绩具有显著的正面作用,并具有一定的滞后性,另一部分学者认为R＆D投入与企业业绩不存在显著的正相关关系。