对外资银行开放与监管并重

中国银行业对外开放是与我国整个经济的改革开放同步进行的，经历了一个从特区到沿海城市，到中心城市，再到所有地区；从外币业务到本币业务；从外资企业和非中国居民到中资企业和中国居民的渐进式开放过程。中国加入WTO标志着对外开放上了一个新的台阶，两年来，依据WTO基本原则和加入WTO承诺时间表．我国逐步放开了对外资银行在客户、业务范围、币种和地域等方面的限制，并将于2006年全面开放银行业，创造中外资银行之间平等、互惠的竞争格局。     

银行业开放与外资银行监管

中国加入世贸组织已届十年。其间,中国银行业认真履行开放义务,取消对外资银行经营地域、客户对象和其他方面的非审慎性限制,在世贸组织承诺基础上对外资银行实行国民待遇。在贯彻落实银行业对外开放战略部署的过程中,外资银行监管部门顺     

中国对外资银行的监管策略分析

中国银行业正在逐步对外开放,对外资银行的监管策略应当立足于理顺市场机制,针对外资银行进入给中国银行业造成的三类具体影响:竞争效应、溢出效应和软化监管效应,通过鼓励适度竞争、促进溢出效应、稳步放松监管,最大化外资银行对中国银行业的正效应:促进改革转型、引进成熟经验、完善监管空白,发挥外资银行对中资银行发展的带动作用,使得银行业整体更好地服务于实体经济。     

对外资银行的监管现状及其改进

本文对外资银行监管中存在的问题展开了论述．在此基础上提出了加强外资银行监管的具体建议。     

我国外资银行监管的理性分析

自我国加入WTO以来,我国银行业的发展得到了进一步的开放,随着国家统一以及联合监管趋势的加强,促使我国的外资银行的监管面临着新的局势。现行的外资银行监管体制以及监管机构存在较大的缺陷,从而制约了监督的有效性以及监管效率。本文将主要围绕我国外资银行监管的理性分析展开论述。     

金融市场开放背景下外资银行监管制度的完善

随着我国加入世贸组织 ,金融市场也将进一步开放。本文作者分析了外资银行经营中存在的一些问题以及造成这些问题的原因之一 :我国对外资银行的监管制度存在诸多缺陷。在此基础上 ,作者指出了加入世贸组织后我国外资银行监管立法应当遵循的原则 ,分析了新修改的《外资金融机构管理条例》在外资银行监管方面的改进 ,并提出对外银行监管立法的一些建议。     

银行业开放形势下我国外资银行监管问题研究

2007年是我国加入WTO后承诺开放金融市场的第一年,外资银行的生存发展环境出现了新的变化和特点,与中资银行的竞争也愈加激烈,这对我国外资银行监管职能提出了更高的要求.本文针对我国外资银行的监管现状,从外资银行的市场准入、市场运行和市场退出三个方面探讨了外资银行监管中存在的问题及解决的对策建议.     

The impact of banking sector stability on the real economy

This article studies the relationship between the degree of banking sector stability and the subsequent evolution of real output growth and inflation. Adopting a panel VAR methodology for a sample of 18 OECD countries, we find a positive link between banking sector stability and real output growth. This finding is predominantly driven by periods of instability rather than by very stable periods. In addition, we show that an unstable banking sector increases uncertainty about future output growth. No clear link between banking sector stability and inflation seems to exist. We then argue that the link between banking stability and real output growth can be used to improve output growth forecasts. Using Fed forecast errors, we show that banking sector stability (instability) results in a significant underestimation (overestimation) of GDP growth in the subsequent quarters.     

The paradoxes of risk management in the banking sector

This paper uses empirical evidence to examine the operational dynamics and paradoxical nature of risk management systems in the banking sector. It demonstrates how a core paradox of market versus regulatory demands and an accompanying variety of performance, learning and belonging paradoxes underlie evident tensions in the interaction between front and back office staff in banks. Organisational responses to such paradoxes are found to range from passive to proactive, reflecting differing organisational, departmental and individual risk culture(s), and performance management systems. Nonetheless, a common feature of regulatory initiatives designed to secure a more structurally independent risk management function is that they have failed to rectify a critical imbalance of power - with the back office control functions continuing to be dominated by front office trading and investment functions. Ultimately, viewing the 'core' of risk management systems as a series of connected paradoxes rather than a set of assured, robust practices, requires a fundamental switch in emphasis away from a normative, standards-based approach to risk management to one which gives greater recognition to its behavioural dimensions.     

Development and efficiency of the banking sector in a transitional economy: Hungarian experience

The paper analyzes the experiences and developments of Hungarian banking sector during the transitional process from a centralized economy to a market-oriented system. The paper identifies that early reorganization initiatives, flexible approaches to privatization, and liberal policies towards foreign banks’ involvement with the domestic institutions helped to build a relatively stable and increasingly efficient banking system. Foreign banks and banks with higher foreign bank ownership involvement were associated with lower inefficiency.     

Optimal foreign exchange-rate policy for a small open economy

This paper examines optimal exchange-rate policy for a small open economy which faces temporary and pemanent, real and nominal disturbances. It demonstrates that exchange-rate stabilization is desirable if most diturbances are nominal. If most disturbances are real, then stabilization should be greater: (1) the greater the fraction of exchange-rate variance accounted for by permanent disturbances; (2) the greater the information available to firms in setting the wage; (3) the greater the fraction of exchange-rate variance attributed to domestic productivity shocks compared with foreign relative price shocks; and (4) the more elastic is labor supply.     

The impact of banking sector reform in a transition economy: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

We examine the impact of financial sector reform on interest rate levels and spreads using Kyrgyz bank-level data from 1998 to 2005. We find that, in addition to macroeconomic stabilization, structural reforms to the banking sector significantly contributed to lower interest rates. In particular, our results suggest that foreign bank entry and regulatory efforts to increase average bank size were important in reducing deposit rates. In contrast, we find little evidence that banking sector reform or macroeconomic stabilization has impacted interest rate spreads.     

Public sector layoffs, severance pay, and inflation in the small open economy

Because severance pay is worth 2–5 years of wages in many LDCs, public sector layoffs increase the fiscal deficit in the short run. Nevertheless, generous severance pay is not as serious a macroeconomic problem as generally thought. In the case where the fiscal deficit is financed by printing money, inflation is continuously lower under plausible conditions. When the government can borrow in world capital markets and layoffs reduce the present-value wage bill, there exists a sequence of bond sales and subsequent redemptions that guarantees continuously lower inflation. This result does not hold, however, if the reform lacks credibility.     

Credit to government and banking sector performance

The impact of credit to government on three aspects of banking sector performance – its deepening over time, profitability, and efficiency – is examined for 142 countries. Country regressions suggest a sizeable negative effect of credit to government on bank deepening in developing countries, but no impact in advanced economies. Bank regressions find that credit to government raises the profitability but reduces the efficiency of banks in developing countries; in advanced economies, there appears to be no impact on profitability but a positive one on efficiency.     

The political economy of relationship banking

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, banks need to reevaluate their position in light of profound changes in the economic, social, and political landscape. On the one hand, we emphasize the benefits of relationship banking, which establishes close contact with bank customers. Through a long-term orientation, relationship banking aligns incentives and supports the long-term needs of bank customers, leading to reduced inequality and greater firm innovation. On the other hand, the interaction between politics and relationship banking can have dark sides. First, with new borders arising and competition in banking affected, relationship banking might be particularly prone to political interference. Second, a shock to the relationship bank can be transmitted to its borrowers. We analyze how relationship banking can overcome its drawbacks.     

Shadow banking,insurance and financial sector stability

Motivated by the recent financial crisis and the near collapse of the insurance giant American International Group (AIG), we empirically study the link between the insurance sector, the size of the shadow system and financial stability across countries. Using the Z-score as a measure of financial stability and the ratio of insurance assets to GDP for 26 countries during the period 1998–2011, this paper shows that: (i) the insurance sector is negatively and significantly related to financial stability, and that (ii) using the shadow banking system as a channel, the insurance sector is detrimental to financial stability for countries with a high level of shadow banking assets.     

Parliamentary election cycles and the Turkish banking sector

This paper analyzes the effects of parliamentary election cycles on the Turkish banking system. Using annual bank-level data representing all banks in Turkey during 1963–2007, we present evidence of meaningful differences in the structure of bank assets, liabilities and financial performance across different stages of the parliamentary election cycle. However, we find that government-owned banks’ behavior does not meaningfully differ from that of either domestic and foreign-owned private-sector banks before, during or after elections. Our estimates also show that government-owned banks underperform both domestic and foreign-owned private-sector counterparts.