创业机会识别影响因素整合模型的构建

创业者及创业机会本身的属性、创业者所处的社会网络以及外界环境等因素,都对创业机会识别有着不同程度的影响。过去大量的相关研究主要侧重于对单一影响因素的分析。在学者们已有研究的基础上,分析影响创业机会识别的各主要因素及其相互关系,构建创业机会识别影响因素的整合模型,可为后续的研究做出铺垫,有助于深入地把握创业机会识别的内在规律。     

The Individual – Opportunity Nexus: A Review of Scott Shane: A General Theory of Entrepreneurship

A review of an outstanding recent book provides an opportunity to reflect on the achievements of the theory of entrepreneurship, and also to identify unresolved issues. It is argued that the nature of ‘opportunity’, and the cognitive basis of opportunity recognition, should be a prominent feature of future research.Scott Shane, (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.     

A Model of Social Entrepreneurial Discovery

Social entrepreneurship activity continues to surge tremendously in market and economic systems around the world. Yet, social entrepreneurship theory and understanding lag far behind its practice. For instance, the nature of the entrepreneurial discovery phenomenon, a critical area of inquiry in general entrepreneurship theory, receives no attention in the specific context of social entrepreneurship. To address the gap, we conceptualize social entrepreneurial discovery based on an extension of corporate social responsibility into social entrepreneurship contexts. We develop a model that emphasizes mobilization and timing as underpinnings of social entrepreneurial discovery and offer distinct conceptual aspects and theoretic propositions instrumental to future social entrepreneurship research.     

An Essay on the Origins of Entrepreneurial Opportunity

In this article, we apply a process of logical inference to draw conclusions about the origins of entrepreneurial opportunity from existing conversations in the field of strategic management. We equate the execution of a competitive strategy – as described in the strategic management literature – to the exploitation of an entrepreneurial opportunity – as described in the entrepreneurship literature. Given this assumption, we survey five extant theories of strategy in an attempt to categorize and describe the circumstances that define how and with what consequence entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation results in future opportunity. Given this review, we characterize the `outcomes’ of strategy execution as a function of the ‹match’ between strategy and environment in an effort to extend and refine Holcombe’s [Holcombe, Randall, 2003, Review of Austrian Economics 16(1), 25–43] position that entrepreneurial opportunity is born of prior entrepreneurial action.

‘Let your hook always be cast; in the pool where you least expect it, there will be a fish.’ Ovid, A.D. 17

     

论就业机会产品失灵问题的政府治理

中国劳动力市场的典型特征是就业机会与劳动力资源之间的信息分布不对称,而就业机会实质上是一种公共产品。根据市场失灵理论,解决公共品市场失灵问题时政府与市场两条思路均可采用。文章沿袭自古典经济学家庇古以来的传统,认为应该引入政府的干预来解决就业机会的市场失灵问题,并在此基础上提出相应的建议。     

A Network Perspective on Stakeholder Management: Facilitating Entrepreneurs in the Discovery of Opportunities

The problem of opportunity discovery is at the heart of entrepreneurial activity. Cognitive limitations determine the search for and the analysis of information and, as a consequence, constrain the identification of opportunities. Moreover, typical personal characteristics – locus of control, need for independence and need for achievement – suggest that entrepreneurs will tend to take a central position in their stakeholder environments and thus fail to adapt to the complexity of stakeholder relationships in their entrepreneurial activity. We approach this problem by adopting a network perspective on stakeholder management. We propose a heuristic approach of stakeholder analysis, which requires two mappings of the entrepreneurial constituents. The first mapping focuses on current interactions between the entrepreneur and their stakeholders, while the second focuses on a specific issue and the stakeholders that constitute it. In effect, such a stakeholder analysis requires entrepreneurs to use the complexity of stakeholder relationships in order to go beyond their cognitive limitations and thus facilitate the discovery of new opportunities. As we will argue, this has clear implications for the ethics and activities of entrepreneurs.     

中国物流企业的机会与价值

本文立足于国际国内物流业的发展形势,深刻阐述中国物流企业的机会和价值,提出中国物流企业内外兼修、博采众长的发展思路以及与跨国物流企业协同发展的共赢策略。     

What is an Entrepreneurial Opportunity?

The nature and source of entrepreneurial opportunity are important issues for understanding how markets function and come into being. In addition to describing the forum held on the topic and summarizing the contributions of the articles that appear in the special issue, this article shares a number of lessons learned during the workshop and the editorial process. We explore three of the most important reasons for confusion about the opportunity construct: (1) the “objectivity” of opportunity, (2) the perceived importance of one particular individual in determining the direction of the social world and (3) what distinguishes the sub-class of “entrepreneurial” opportunity from the broader category of opportunity in general. Finally, we offer some directions for future research by illuminating important issues that emerged from the workshop but that remain largely unanswered by the papers of this special issue.      

人格因素影响机遇决策行为的实证研究

机遇决策行为属于一种非常规决策,决策时间敏感,决策信息动态关联,因而需要决策者发挥主观能动性,并承担一定的风险.文章提出,不同人格特质的决策者在面临相同机遇决策情境时会产生不同的心理与行为反应,人格因素中的果敢性和安详机警性与机遇决策水平之间呈显著的正相关关系,而内外向性与机遇决策水平之间的相关性较差.     

敏捷虚拟企业市场机遇分析与识别

敏捷虚拟企业是为了适应快速发展的市场环境,而由具有不同核心能力的企业所组成的动态联合 体。如果能及时发现机遇,把握商机,就能够增强企业的竞争力和战斗力,为企业发展带来新的契机。 通过对市场机遇分析,阐述如何寻找和发现市场机遇,并建立市场机遇识别指标体系。     

Some see the light and some do not – Understanding the international opportunity recognition of Finnish SMEs in Russia through mental images

This case study explores how two Finnish maritime-sector SMEs recognized business opportunities in Russia. The phenomenon is investigated through the concept of mental image. The data comprise qualitative interviews conducted in 2015–2017, during which one firm continued Russian internationalization efforts despite various challenges and the other ended up abandoning the market. The study contributes to prior studies of international opportunity recognition by emphasizing the role of mental images in the process, opening up the contents of such images and elaborating their dynamics based on events over time.     

创业金融政策多样化与碎片化研究

目前,创业金融政策的发展呈现出新的态势：一方面政府参与创业金融的活动日益积极,相关政策越来越多样化;另一方面,各种政策之间的不协调性更加突出,政策体系结构碎片化特征日益明显。这种局面不仅造成创业资源的浪费,而且扭曲和伤害了创业文化价值的根基。创业金融政策多样性源自社会多元化的发展趋势与金融多元化客观需求,碎片化则是多样性与单一性相冲突的具体表现。造成冲突的直接原因是以商业银行为主导的金融产品供给难以满足多元化市场的需求,而更深层的原因来自对政策问题界定的偏差。     

The Relationship Among Knowledge,Opportunity, and Ethical Perceptions: A Cross-National Investigation

The focus of this paper was to study the effectof prior knowledge and situationalopportunities on ethically questionablebehaviors among students of differentnationalities. A study was conducted toinvestigate the role and impact of thepredictor variables (knowledge and opportunity)on ethical perceptions toward copyrightviolations. The study also examined thedirect and the moderating effects of age,nationality, ethnic identity, gender, andeducation major. The research was conducted ona sample of 160 students of an Americanuniversity located on the U.S.–Mexican border. The results indicate that the predictorvariables, knowledge and opportunity,significantly affect ethical perceptions. Demographic variables like age, nationality,gender, and education major had no directeffects ethical perceptions. Different ethnicidentities, however, exhibited significantdifferences in their ethical perceptions. Onexamining moderating effects of the demographicvariables, younger respondents weresignificantly different from older respondents. Differences between the ethnic identityconstruct and nationality are highlighted. Implications of prior student knowledge aboutethical standards and expectations arediscussed.     

Overview of Collaborative Entrepreneurship: An Integrated Approach Between Business Decisions and Negotiations

In recent years, the complex, turbulent and changing environment in which firms operate has greatly intensified. A new era of continuous innovation has emerged in which knowledge is the key asset, and whose exploitation determines success for many firms. In this context, it is generally accepted that effective knowledge management depends heavily on a company’s ability to collaborate, both inside (Collective Entrepreneurship) and outside (Collaborative Entrepreneurship) the organization. Collaboration enables a firm to be entrepreneurial and continuously innovative by exploring new markets. Continuous innovation and market exploration are the building blocks of collaboration. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop the concept of Collaborative Entrepreneurship, linking the most relevant issues with the concept of Collective Entrepreneurship, from a preliminary integrative approach. From this approach, three elementary dimensions are emphasized: strategy, structure and management philosophy. Strategy refers to the shared common project among collaboration partners; Structure concerns the flexibility of structures and adaptation to environmental changes; and Management Philosophy is about trust. Also, networks within the firm and among firms could form the basis of Collaborative Entrepreneurship in the context of negotiation and decision processes. A brief overview of the content of each of the articles included in this special issue on Collaborative entrepreneurship is presented following this article.     

日本对外贸易战略转变的时机选择及启示

20世纪70年代中期,日本面临着转变对外贸易战略的压力.对此,日本采取了拖延的做法.直到80年代中期,国内外条件基本具备、时机基本成熟,才开始着手将"外需主导型"战略转变为"内需主导型"战略.总的说,日本贸易战略转变的时机选择并无问题,但后续的政策调整出现了很多失误,因而导致了经济的长期停滞.日本的经验和教训对中国的经济和贸易政策调整有重要的启示.     

中小企业资源空间、软权力与机会实现的关系研究

在当前互联网时代,中小企业可用资源已超出极为有限的自有资源范畴而拓展至外部环境,形成由认同边界、能力边界、效率边界共同界定的资源空间,影响着机会的实现。由于硬权力小、行动灵活高等原因,中小企业尤为倚重与擅长基于软权力开展合作、利用资源以及识别或开发机会。分维度、分类别分析,并以科技型中小企业为样本证实:资源认同、能力边界的拓展有助于中小企业成功识别机会,资源效率边界则有助于机会开发;社会层面软权力增强资源认同、能力边界对机会识别的作用,组织层面软权力则正向调节资源能力边界对机会开发的影响;两类软权力均会减弱对方的作用。研究结果从机会识别与开发的角度,为有针对性地拓展多维度资源边界、合理获取与应用不同类别的软权力等提供细致的行动参考。     

粮食主产区发展粮食加工产业的挑战与机遇

新形势下,如何缩小粮食主产区与主销区农民收入之间的差距?在维护我国粮食安全的同时,对加快粮食主产区发展粮食加工产业以促进自身发展,必将成为粮食主产区的现实选择。     

战略机遇期与经济外交

面向21世纪头20年的战略机遇期是中国展开战略性全方位经济外交的最佳时期，通过对各种类型国家的经济外交情况进行比较，发现经济外交的模式、力度、效果和目标，往往和一个国家所处的国际环境和实际国力有很大关系，根据自身实际确定的经济外交战略才是有生命力的。