The Association Between Investment Opportunity Set Proxies and Realized Growth

Realized growth can be viewed as a proxy for the unobservable investment opportunity set (IOS) of the firm, and provides a benchmark against which IOS proxy variables can be compared. Results from such a comparison indicate that many of the variables from earlier studies, including book-to-market measures and capital expenditure to assets ratios are consistently correlated with subsequently realized growth. However, R&D intensity and E/P ratios do not exhibit any consistent association with subsequent growth indicating that they may not be valid IOS proxies.     

Capitalization versus Expensing: Evidence on the Uncertainty of Future Earnings from Capital Expenditures versus R&D Outlays

We propose and implement a new method to estimate the relation between R&D investments and the uncertainty of future benefits from those investments. The empirical analysis compares the relative contributions of current investments in R&D and PP&E to future earnings variability using a sample of roughly 50,000 firm-year observations from 1972–1997. Evidence is strongly consistent with the hypothesis that R&D investments generate future benefits that are far more uncertain than benefits from investments in PP&E. Our results should help the current discussion on accounting for R&D and the methodology might be helpful in standard setting in other contexts as well.     

Investment Opportunity Set and Voluntary Disclosure of Prospective Information: A Simultaneous Equations Approach

Abstract:   This paper examines empirically the relationship between the level of disclosure of prospective information and the investment opportunity set for firms in New Zealand. Using a systems (two‐stage least squares) approach that explicitly controls for potential endogeneity between disclosure and IOS, we find that the level of prospective information disclosure is significantly and positively related to IOS in both specifications in our simultaneous analysis. Further, we document that prospective information disclosure is positively related to firm size and new security offerings, and is not related to inside ownership and firm profitability. IOS is positively impacted by a firm's investments in fixed assets and its profitability. Finally, we find that forward looking disclosure levels are positively related to the proportion of outside directors on the board and negatively related to barriers to entry, but these findings are not robust across alternative model specifications.     

会计政策选择的契约动因研究--来自我国上市公司低值易耗品摊销方法选择的经验证据

会计政策的可选择性为企业真实反映经济业务实质创造条件的同时,也为企业管理当局操纵会计盈余提供了机会.分析和检验会计政策选择的动因对企业会计准则的完善与企业会计行为的监管均具有十分重要的现实意义.本文以低值易耗品摊销方法选择为切入点,选取符合我国企业特征的契约变量,运用均值检验和Logistic回归方法对低值易耗品摊销方法的选择动因进行了实证检验,结果证实了实证会计理论中的政治成本假设和报酬契约假设.     

城建投资公司会计问题的成因透析及对策

近年来,我国城市基础设施建设领域存在着许多问题,究其根源在于城建投融资体制的滞后,投融资平台的不健全.从会计角度分析城建投资公司存在的问题及其成因,应从统一会计制度与科目、建立城建投资公司现代企业制度以及实现多元化投资主体三个方面进行政策改进.     

An Analysis of Joint Effects of Investment Opportunity Set,Free Cash Flows and Size on Corporate Debt Policy

This study, based on a sample of 1869 observations from 1989 to 1993 for non-regulated U.S. firms, examines the association between investment opportunity set (IOS), free cash flows (FCF) and debt, and also tests whether firm size acts as a moderating variable on this association. The results show that there is a significantly positive association between FCF and debt for low IOS firms, which provide support to Jensen's (1986) control hypothesis. The results also show that the positive association between debt and high FCF for low IOS firms is more pronounced for large firms, suggesting that the firm size serves as a moderating variable on the association.     

Accounting: The Structure of a Growing Profession

Complete membership records of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Israel are analysed to determine the level of concentration and growth of the accounting profession. This study differs from previous studies in that it concentrates on the supply side of the market. Previously, because of the unique characteristics of auditing services, they were assumed to have no substitute. An analysis of firm switching by CPAs in Israel indicates the existence of substitutes in production. Low levels of overall concentration were found, although large clients are generally audited by large public accounting firms. The profession appears to be competitive as entry is quite easy and switching between firms by CPAs is common.     

净现值与内部收益率在投资决策中的选用

净现值和内部收益率是投资决策中最常用的两个主要指标,但是,通过深入分析我们发现,后者在满足净效益最大化决策目标、假设条件的经济合理性以及普遍适用性三个方面均存在严重缺陷,因而不是一个可靠的项目价值衡量指标,最多只能用作决策的参考,不能用作项目取舍的依据。     

The Effects of Labour on Accounting Choice in Canada

This study examines the effects of labour considerations on accounting choice in Canada. Two potential labour‐related incentives are considered: ability to pay and employee attraction and retention. Measures of these incentives are developed based on Canadian data: unionization for ability‐to‐pay incentives, and labour intensity and the percentage of white‐collar employees for the attract and retain incentives. Our results indicate that ability‐to‐pay incentives, measured by unionization, are not associated with depreciation policies in Canada. In contrast, the findings provide mixed support for the attract‐and‐retain perspective, because labour intensity was significantly correlated with these choices, while the percentage of white‐collar employees was marginally significant.     

上市公司投资价值评价模型及其实证分析

本文从投资者的角度出发,参考公司价值理论设计了我国上市公司的投资价值评价模型,并且以因子分析和聚类分析等定量分析方法为基础,结合定性分析以医药行业上市公司为例,对其进行了实证分析,从而得到关于我国医药行业上市公司的投资价值的分析结论.分析结论表明:以该评价模型为基础的因子分析和聚类分析可以有效评价和细致分析上市公司的投资价值,投资者可以参考分析结论和评价方法选择投资对象和构造合理有效的投资组合来降低风险、提高收益.     

公允价值会计下未实现损益的影响研究

本文建立了一个价格动力学模型,用以检测与企业过去回报相关的未实现损益.经验表明,当企业在综合收益表中报告了相应投资的未实现损益后,公司价值与盈余都会有较大波动.把未实现损益包含在收益中会引起股价和盈余的波动,这与市场的弱式有效假说不一致.     

对会计专业课教学方法的研究与实践

教学方法是实现教学任务的手段。为了达到不同的教学目的,可采用不同的教学方法。为适应会计人才日益市场化、国际化的需求,在会计教学方法上应进行改革。本文在总结传统的会计专业教学方法的基础上,结合多年的教学实践,提出了适应新形势的现代教学方法。     

The role of stock ownership by US members of Congress on the market for political favors

I examine whether stock ownership by politicians helps to enforce noncontractible quid pro quo relations with firms. The ownership by US Congress members in firms contributing to their election campaigns is higher than in noncontributors. This bias toward contributors depends on the financial incentives of politicians and the relation's value. Firms with a stronger ownership–contribution association receive more government contracts. The financial gains from these contracts are economically large. When politicians divest stocks, firms discontinue contributions to the politicians, lose future contracts, and perform poorly. Politicians divest the stocks in contributors, but not in noncontributors, in anticipation of retirement.     

中国外汇储备资本化风险管理分析

进入二十一世纪以来,外汇储备的投资趋势和资本化目标的不断强化成为全球外汇储备风险管理的新特点,并推动外汇储备由宏观风险管理向微观风险管理转变。各国货币当局在对外汇储备进行数量和质量双重管理的过程中,都力争通过合理的目标选择、投资结构调整、治理结构安排以及风险技术应用,最大限度地降低外汇储备风险,最优化地实现外汇储备资本化的收益。因此,中国在运营巨额外汇储备的过程中,应该建立并完善以＂多层次＂的外汇储备风险管理治理结构安排、＂多元化＂的外汇储备投资运营手段,以及＂多样化＂的外汇储备风险管理技术为三大支柱的外汇储备资本化的风险管理框架。     

新会计准则实施前后会计数据价值相关性实证研究

2006年2月财政部发布的新会计准则于2007年在上市公司率先实施。近四年的实施,其效果怎么呢？会计信息的质量是否得到了提高？对此本文以主板上市公司2004-2009年的数据为样本进行实证研究,其结果表明,新准则实施后会计数据的价值相关性显著提高,从而证实了新准则的运用有助于提高会计信息质量。     

论《纳税会计》的专业定位与教学内容设置

当前我国《纳税会计》课程的教授内容狭窄,与《财务会计学》内容重复严重,而应该教授的内容却凤毛麟角,因此,必须对《纳税会计》课程的教学内容进行重新设置。本文就《纳税会计》的专业定位、教学内容和教学方法进行了深入的探讨。     

跨国公司在华投资战略的变化及我国相应的对策

对国际跨国公司来说,21世纪和中国入世是两个重要的环境变化.前者是国际市场大环境的变化,这主要表现为全球经济一体化和知识经济的迅猛发展;后者是一个重要的目标市场小环境变化,这主要是说中国将更加开放同时竟争也将进一步加剧.面对这两个环境变化,国际跨国公司将采取哪些战略措施,我国应当如何应对是本文要探讨的问题.     

湖南经济增长与消费、投资、出口的长期均衡和短期波动关系

利用协整技术分析了湖南消费、投资、出口与经济增长的长期均衡与短期动态关系.在协整检验的基础上,建立了各变量之间的长期均衡关系模型.并通过自回归模型和误差修正模型,对各变量之间的长期和短期因果关系进行了Granger检验.研究结果表明,投资与湖南经济增长之间存在显著的长短期因果关系,因此保持投资的持续稳定增长是湖南经济增长的最重要的宏观经济政策.     

A Note on the Analytics and Geometry of Limiting Mean—Variance Investment Opportunity Sets

This paper extends the mathematics developed by Merton (1972) to the limiting investment opportunity set as smaller risk assets are added. Investment opportunity sets of risky assets are well-known to be described by hyperbolae in mean-standard deviation space. In practice, the asset classes in portfolios may vary from high risk common stocks to near cash assets. Low variability assets change the appearance of the investment opportunity set to the extent that a unique optimum risky asset portfolio disappears. The limiting result is similar to the investment opportunity set that arises when two assets are perfectly correlated. The location of the IOS is shown to mathematically depend upon the level of the riskless interest rate and one slope parameter. The slope parameter is estimable, using a finite number of assets, and represents a bound on market Sharpe ratios.     

The Use of Foreign Accounting Data in UK Financial Institutions

Globalisation of securities markets has caused many members of the investment community to use foreign accounting data. This paper examines how this foreign data is used by some London-based participants in the market. Areas for examination are established after looking at the extensive published research on the use of domestic accounting data and the small amount of published research in an international context. Twenty-one market participants were interviewed, although four of these were treated as a pilot, so that most findings were based on 17 interviewees working for six institutions. If this sample is representative, our findings suggest that market participants are inexpert in accounting; sector experts see international accounting differences as a hindrance but country experts do not; participants use foreign accounting data for analysis but very few adjust it (although fund managers think that analysts do); there is some avoidance of countries or sectors for accounting reasons; and there is very little knowledge of international accounting differences.