跨国公司嵌入与地方产业集聚的互动机制研究

跨国公司嵌入与地方产业集群之间具有互动耦合关系。一方面,跨国公司作为集群主导成员,发挥着增长极和孵化器作用,可以促进地方产业集群的发展,提升区域经济竞争力;另一方面,地方产业集群的发展对跨国公司竞争优势也具有重要影响,使集群优势向跨国公司区位优势转化,可以增强跨国公司自身的核心竞争力。跨国公司的嵌入与地方产业集群良性互动可以形成系统性的循环机制。     

跨国公司嵌入对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响

本文通过对288家物流产业集群本土企业进行问卷调查,运用结构方程模型验证了跨国公司嵌入对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响以及知识共享的中介作用。研究结果表明:跨国公司关系嵌入能够促进物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效,而隐性知识共享在这个过程中起到部分中介作用;跨国公司认知嵌入并不直接影响物流集群本土企业物流创新绩效,而是通过隐性知识共享的完全中介作用实现;跨国公司结构嵌入和显性知识共享对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响并不显著。研究明确了跨国公司嵌入对物流产业集群本土企业创新绩效的影响及其机制,对于我国物流产业集群提升创新绩效提供了一定的指导。     

提升产业集群竞争力是推进区域经济发展的重要途径

产业发展的结果必然是在传统和高新技术产业中形成集群现象和集群效应。我国加入WTO后面对跨国公司的挑战,应针对产业集群地理集聚、专业化、网络化、根植性等特征,优化政策环境,促进集群内中间产品市场和生产要素市场的形成,完善风险机制,提升产业集群的竞争力     

基于扎根理论的产业集群嵌入对创业的影响研究

产业集群对创业活动具有明显的促进,但现有研究并没有揭示产业集群对创业活动的影响机制。使用嵌入理论可以将产业集群这种宏观抽象的环境因素对创业的影响分解为创业者及其新创企业与集群内其他机构主体的嵌入关系。采用扎根理论方法研究发现,产业集群对创业绩效的影响,即产业集群嵌入,可以分解成三种不同层次的嵌入:制度嵌入、网络嵌入和个人关系嵌入。     

地方产业集群国际化发展与区域创新体系的关联研究——基于生命周期和全球价值链的视角

区域创新体系建设与地方产业集群发展的相互作用，是区域经济可持续发展的强大动力。在全球化条件下，二者之间的关联会出现新变化，即区域创新体系促进地方产业集群嵌入全球价值链实现升级，后者也会促进前者进一步完善与发展。本文从生命周期和全球价值链视角，对地方产业集群嵌入全球价值链实现升级与区域创新体系建设之间的关联进行了理论研究。     

浅析地方产业集群在全球价值链上的升级过程

伴随着全球化的深入,以经济活动的地理集聚为特征的地方产业集群,正逐渐嵌入全球价值链,以获得持续竞争优势。本文主要分析了地方产业集群在全球价值链中成长、发展、成熟三个阶段的升级过程。     

基于全球价值链视角的地方产业集群国际化发展研究

在经济全球化时代,对于大部分地方产业集群而言,通过嵌入全球价值链实现国际化发展是一个必然过程。本文以价值链理论为基础,以是否嵌入全球价值链为标准,将地方产业集群发展分为内源式和国际化两个阶段,并对地方产业集群国际化发展的类型、方式和程度等进行研究。为了分析转型期发展起来的中国产业集群的国际化发展情况,本文以浙江温州鞋业集群为例,对其进行了实证研究。     

产业集群视角下地方政府公共物品供给行为研究——以陆川县为例

在经济发展过程中,市场和政府应当公认发挥作用——市场是资源配置的基本机制,但政府必须提供具有外部性的公共产品。(林毅夫,2012)产业集群的形成和发展取决于政府和市场的互动。与中央政府相比,地方政府特别是市、县级的政府,作为中央政府和地方政府发展的双重代理人,更接近基层、更了解基层的传统和现实情况,可以更为直接、具体和有效地促进产业集群发展。产业集群是可以通过地方政府的引导扶持发展壮大的。在产业集群发展的不同阶段,地方政府有不同的产业选择政策,提供公共物品则是其中的核心。地方政府能否提供合适并且有效地的公共产品将决定一个产业在未来能否长久竞争力。那么本文提出的问题就是,在产业集群的发展中,地方政府公共物品供给有效性?政府在集群发展过程中的作用应如何评价?     

全球生产网络、俘获效应与集群企业转型升级——整合性分析框架与政策建议

随着全球生产网络理论的兴起,嵌入跨国公司所主导的全球生产网络已经成为发展中国家产业集群以及集群内企业转型升级的重要选择,但是这一过程中集群企业却往往会产生"俘获效应"并陷入"低端锁定"的不利局面。对此,基于跨国公司因素、集群环境因素和企业自身因素系统构建了导致集群企业产生"俘获效应"的三维度整合性分析框架,然后基于此分析框架并结合我国企业众多成功案例,从企业和政府角度系统提出了促进全球生产网络条件下我国集群企业规避"俘获效应"实现成功转型升级的策略选择。     

产业集群与跨国公司在我国的技术溢出

跨国公司技术溢出是推动我国技术进步和经济增长的重要途径之一。但跨国公司为维持其技术垄断优势地位,对其技术的溢出防范在不断加强。在现有的渠道基础上,我国并未能充分利用这种技术溢出的效应。本文从产业集群的角度分析了集群与技术溢出之间的关系,认为集群这种组织方式能为我国利用这种效应创造了一个良好的环境,从而更好地促进技术溢出。     

Collaborative Strategies in the Event of Technological Discontinuities: The Case of Nokia in the Mobile Telecommunication Industry

The paper examines the extent to which collaboration between large and small companies has been able to deal with the effects of discontinuous technological change. In applying an evolutionary perspective, the paper examines the process by which technological competencies and resources of large firms evolve and its effects on the characteristics of their collaboration with smaller companies. In focusing on the issue of complementary between local and international sourcing of capabilities and resources in the mobile telecommunication industry, it combines an empirical analysis of the structure of Finnish Science Parks with an examination of internationalisation strategies of large Finnish companies. The papershows that Nokia has increasingly become engaged in sourcing capabilities internationally, this might, however, pose some long-term problems for the local embeddedness of the company in Finland.     

Network embeddedness and new-venture internationalization: Analyzing international linkages in the German biotech industry

This paper examines whether inter-organizational factors influence German biotech firms' propensity to internationalize by forming international research alliances. Inter-organizational factors include dimensions of a firm's embeddedness within its local cluster and within its national research network. We test two sets of hypotheses (local and national network-drivers) on a longitudinal event history dataset of the complete German biotech population for the years 1995–2004. Findings show that location in a local cluster already dense with international linkages, the building of research alliances with local research institutes as well as national partners and central position in the national research network increase the probability of forming international research alliances.     

跨国公司嵌入与我国开发区产业集聚的实证研究

文章从新社会经济学的"嵌入性"视角,对我国开发区跨国公司嵌入与产业集聚现象问题进行实证分析,论证了跨国公司嵌入与产业集聚的互动关系。一方面,跨国公司嵌入对开发区产业集聚有重大影响;另一方面,开发区产业集聚对跨国公司嵌入也有重大影响。但跨国公司嵌入对当地内资企业集聚的带动作用有限,内外资企业互动融合不足,这将是未来我国开发区亟待解决的问题。     

Integrating embeddedness with dynamic capabilities in the internationalisation of fashion retailers

The paper presents an integration of the theoretical approaches of embeddedness and dynamic capabilities. Based on in-depth interviews with key informants of international fashion retail companies we show that dynamic capabilities enhance different types of embeddedness at different levels. Generic dynamic capabilities of adaptability and knowledge management play a role as they affect retailer-specific capabilities and societal, network and territorial forms of embeddedness. Integrating the two theoretical approaches provides new and deeper understanding of the nature of retail internationalization.     

Drivers of training participation in low skilled jobs: the role of ‘voice’, technology,innovation and labor shortages in German companies

This article investigates the role of ‘voice’, technology, innovation (of products, services, or processes) and labor shortages in the training participation of low skilled workers in German companies. By building on the key findings of previous research, hypotheses on drivers of training participation are derived from filter theory and the concept of social embeddedness. Regression and cluster analysis based on the German IAB Establishment Panel (wave 2011) show evidence that training participation is shaped by ‘voice’‐related institutional company characteristics such as employee representation or formalized HR practices. Both characteristics often cluster together. Regression analyses confirm that companies in this cluster train a higher share of their low‐skilled workforce. The share is particularly high when companies in this cluster face labor shortages. Apart from that, advanced technology and recent innovations at the company level are not related to higher rates of training participation among low skilled workers.     

台资集群网络下内外资企业协同升级困境与出路——以福建省为例的分析

由于集群网络被台资企业主导,使得台资企业协同本地企业产业升级特别是功能升级和价值链升级面临困境。台资集群网络的弱根植性以及由此导致的企业间知识转移受阻是这一问题的根源。因此,提高台资当地根植性,促进本地企业加入多条价值链,培育自己的高级要素,促进内外资企业有效关联与融合,构建有利的区域文化等,已成为理想的策略选择。     

Traces of foreign retailers – local knowledge-spillovers and strategy adaption within retail internationalization

ABSTRACT

Since the 1990s certain retail companies have evolved into some of the largest and most dispersed transnational corporations worldwide. However, within the ‘new era of retail distribution’ retailers are increasingly divesting from foreign markets. This study addresses these recent and under-explored dynamics by revealing the traces transnational retail corporations leave after divesting from a country. It explores the aspect of learning of host market retailers from entering transnational corporations (TNCs) and examines how foreign knowledge is adjusted in the business strategies of these local actors. It takes a fresh empirical slant using qualitative interviews with host market retail managers including former TNCs’ subsidiaries operating under domestic ownership. The emerging economy of Turkey serves as an empirical example. The paper finds that foreign retailers transfer firm-specific resources to the local retail through (1) demonstration and imitation, (2) vertical linkages with suppliers, (3) joint ventures and acquisitions, and (4) labor turnover of TNC trained staff. Certain successful local companies adjust the foreign knowledge based on their local knowledge and strengths, their high level of flexibility and deep territorial embeddedness, and create ‘hybrid’ business strategies. These findings suggest that dynamic capabilities are crucial to successful retailing in an international competitive environment. TNC managers should work with local staff in partnerships of equals and managers of locally operating companies should incorporate new knowledge by hiring TNC trained staff.     

Early internationalization: A transaction cost economics and structural embeddedness perspective

This paper develops and tests a framework for the determinants of early internationalization by drawing on transaction cost economics supplemented with structural embeddedness reasoning. We theoretically explore how asset specificity, prior international experience of the management team, and international network contacts impact early internationalization of the firm. Furthermore, we elaborate how early internationalization is related to foreign market performance. Our results show that asset specificity is negatively related to early internationalization, whereas prior international experience of the management team and international network contacts have a positive impact on early internationalization. Furthermore, our results suggest that early internationalizers are more successful in respect to foreign market performance than companies that have internationalized in later years.     

Competitiveness and Legitimation: The Logic of Companies going Green in Geographical Clusters

This study analyzes the logic behind the development of environmental responsiveness in companies that are located in geographical clusters. Drawing on previous research, we contend that competitiveness and legitimation are important sources of variation in these companies’ environmental responses. In particular, the companies’ perceived rivalry, competition tracking capabilities, interaction with industry associations and network embeddedness influence their competitiveness and legitimation motivations for environmental responsiveness. We used structural equation modeling to test these hypotheses on a sample of 251-clustered agricultural firms in Spain. The results support the hypotheses and provide a number of insights about the underlying motivations behind going green in geographical clusters.     

Chinese Investment in Advanced Economies: Opportunities and Challenges

With an increasing importance of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by multinationals (MNCs) from China in advanced economies, there is a need for deepening our knowledge of these Chinese MNCs not simply regarding their benefits and concerns, but more importantly regarding their dynamic and complex contexts. In this article, we investigate challenges that Chinese investors face in managing multiple embeddedness across heterogeneous contexts and why this multiple contextual embeddedness is particularly evident when Chinese firms acquire Western firms for competitive catch‐up. We contend that the interaction of Chinese investors with various local contexts depends on the extent to which these contexts are not only interrelated, but also overlain by temporal and spatial dimensions of context. Accordingly, contextualizing globalization of Chinese companies temporally and spatially will allow us to better understand their international expansion. More generally, we stress the need to place Chinese OFDI research in its broader context, temporally and spatially, and go beyond the mere institutional or cultural distance variables. Finally, we outline the key contributions from the six articles in this special issue and discuss the future research agenda stimulated by the issues raised in these articles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.