中国最优货币政策的选择、比较和影响——基于混合型新凯恩斯模型的实证研究

文章通过构建和估计一个混合型新凯恩斯模型,首次检验了中国最优货币政策的类型,并系统比较了相机抉择和事先承诺的货币政策对中国经济的影响。文章综合运用极大似然估计法、反事实仿真、似然比检验、贝叶斯信息准则、二阶矩比较和脉冲响应等方法研究发现:(1)我国实施的货币政策与最优货币政策不存在显著差异,我国的最优货币政策类型是相机抉择的货币政策;(2)在我国,相机抉择、事先承诺的货币政策和最优泰勒规则都把产出稳定作为最重要的政策目标,其次是通胀稳定;(3)相对于事先承诺,相机抉择的货币政策使我国的产出和通胀更不稳定,并造成更大的社会福利损失;(4)在我国货币政策调控中,最优泰勒规则可以很好地近似和代替事先承诺的货币政策。     

基于标准泰勒规则的我国货币市场利率偏离估算

本文利用泰勒规则方法对我国货币市场利率偏离程度进行了估算。对我国货币政策反应函数的经验分析表明,我国货币政策并不符合稳定货币政策规则要求。标准泰勒规则具有良好的稳健性。根据泰勒规则原式及稳定货币政策规则最低条件计算结果表明,我国货币市场利率长期存在负的利率缺口,货币政策对通胀和产出缺口并不是稳定的,更不是最优的,货币政策存在着长期偏误。这对进一步理解我国的通货膨胀和宏观经济波动,合理评价货币政策,提供了新的视角。     

最优货币政策规则及在中国的实证

本文基于一个由二次损失函数以及线性约束条件构成的典型L-Q货币政策分析框架,根据均衡的一阶条件,给出了最优货币政策规则解。并根据我国的实际数据,建立和估计经济结构模型,计算和比较了不同央行目标函数下最优规则解性质与特点。结果表明,在我国当前处于转型经济和通胀波动频繁的条件下,央行仅关注通胀缺口和产出缺口的最优利率规则解不能作为我国货币政策操作中的名义锚,而扩展型的最优利率规则解具有更好的性质,可为我国货币政策提供一个更好的参考尺度。     

最优货币政策的设计:综述及其启示

关于最优货币政策的设计,不同的文献分别从货币当局目标函数的选取、约束条件的设立和货币政策决策方式的选择三个方面进行了模型上的新扩展,形成了多种最优货币政策设计方案。然而实践证明,由于"不确定性"的广泛存在使得已有的最优货币政策设计的可操作性和包容性均不强,于是,最新的趋势表现为运用鲁棒控制和贝叶斯等方法消减建模过程中的模型不确定性和冲击不确定性。鉴于此,中国最优货币政策的设计可以考虑选择其中的一种模式——多目标的损失函数、混合型的约束条件和相机抉择的决策方式,在此框架下运用鲁棒控制求解最优货币政策。     

转型期中国货币政策的操作实践回顾与操作规范选择

本文首先对转型期中国的货币政策操作实践进行了回顾总结,然后对规则和相机抉择这两种货币政策操作规范进行了理论分析.结果表明,由于相机抉择不仅具有时间非一致性的特点,而且还会造成通货膨胀偏差,故一般来说规则是优于相机抉择的.因此,尽快实现"相机抉择"型货币政策操作向"规则"型货币政策操作的转型,应是我国中央银行的明智选择.     

基于DSGE模型的货币政策对银行风险承担影响研究*——兼论货币政策的应对

本文着力研究货币政策对商业银行风险承担的影响机制，并在此基础上分析货币政策应当如何应对。为此，本文构建了DSGE模型对比分析银行风险承担行为的传导机制，结果显示在信息不对称和有限债务的条件下，银行存在着道德风险，会过度地主动承担风险。为应对银行风险承担行为造成的低效率，本文设计了“最优”货币政策规则：货币政策应适当容忍通货膨胀的波动，优先关注实际利率，以降低由银行风险承担行为所导致的社会福利损失。     

货币冲击、房地产收益波动与最优货币政策选择

与传统资产定价模型中风险收益权衡关系相悖,我国房地产市场存在投资异象和波动长记忆性特征。文章利用泰勒规则(Taylor Rule)的利率缺口,在剔除市场预期之后测度了中国市场的货币政策冲击,并基于房地产投资回报的时序数据波动聚集性和时变性特征构建GARCH(1,1)-M模型,以此度量我国房地产市场投资收益的波动演变路径,解释了央行实施加息的货币政策后当期房价反而上涨的投资现象。文章还立足于房地产市场参与人的投资特征,从行为金融学的全新研究视角出发,建立包含行为资产定价的动态模型经济系统,研究资产价格波动与最优货币政策选择问题,求得相应闭型解,为实施关注资产价格波动的最优货币政策提供理论基础。     

我国财政货币政策交互作用渠道机制研究

基于校准于我国季度数据的新凯恩斯主义动态随机一般均衡模型框架,本文经验检验了我国财政货币政策交互作用的渠道机制,并进行典型特征事实刻画.具体地,理论模型中融合名义刚性、资本积累和有限期界特征,使得探测跨代财富效应这一影响总消费动态学的微观经济传导机制成为可能.货币政策实证估计为非线性货币政策规则形式,财政政策识别为基于债务的税收规则以及允许暂时赤字的平衡预算规则两种形式.本文的动态随机模拟发现:财富效应是存在的,但在税收规则和平衡预算规则下的作用机制存在差异;基于债务的税收规则下,正产出效应虽然也相对较短,但能比平衡预算规则维持更长时期,而就产出缺口和通货膨胀缺口稳定效应而言,平衡预算规则具有更大的稳定性.关于政策规则惯性以及政策规则参数的反事实分析,本文也给出调整我国政府支出模式以及财政货币政策操作方式的政策建议,从而表明财政货币政策交互作用分析的重要性.     

我国非线性货币政策规则研究

本文由中央银行非对称通货膨胀和产出缺口偏好的福利损失函数最优化推导出潜在非线性的最优货币政策规则,并将中央银行政策行为非对称性的原因归结为中央银行非对称偏好。同时本文实证估计我国货币政策规则,并检验货币政策规则非对称偏好存在性假说,结果表明,我国中央银行存在非对称通货膨胀平方和产出缺口偏好,对应地,货币政策规则呈现非线性特征,利率不仅对通货膨胀和产出缺口产生反应,而且也对通货膨胀平方和产出缺口平方产生反应。     

泰勒规则及其在中国货币政策中的检验

本文运用历史分析法和反应函数法首次将中国货币政策运用于检验泰勒规则。通过计算中国货币政策中利率的泰勒规则值 ,并与其实际值进行比较表明 ,泰勒规则可以很好地衡量中国货币政策 ,利率规则值与实际值的偏离之处恰恰是政策操作滞后于经济形势发展之时。这表明泰勒规则能够为中国货币政策提供一个参照尺度 ,衡量货币政策的松紧。对中国货币政策的反应函数GMM估计表明 ,通胀率对利率的调整系数小于 1 ,这是一种不稳定的货币政策规则 ,在这一制度下 ,通货膨胀或通货紧缩的产生和发展有着自我实现机制。     

Animal spirits and optimal monetary policy design in the presence of labour market frictions

Using a New Keynesian DSGE model with labour market frictions, we compare outcomes for backward-looking animal spirits expectations with rational expectations after technology and demand shocks. For optimal monetary policy, major differences arise only for technology shocks, and discretionary policy performs better than commitment policy under animal spirits expectations. If Taylor rule parameters are chosen to best replicate optimal monetary policy outcomes, inflation targeting is only appropriate for technology shocks, particularly for large labour frictions, while targeting only economic activity is appropriate for demand shocks. Fault tolerance analysis shows high costs from failing to identify true animal spirits expectations and technology shocks.     

Should a central bank react to food inflation? Evidence from an estimated model for Chile

We examine whether food price shocks are a major source of macroeconomic fluctuations. We estimate a small open economy DSGE model using an alternative Taylor rule applied to Chilean data. The empirical evidence suggests that food inflation played a non-trivial role in shaping Chile's de facto monetary policy actions. Consistent with its commitment to price stability, the central bank increases the policy rate in reaction to food inflation. Despite an immediate monetary policy reaction to a food price shock, the policy rate gradually tapers off. This is due to a second-round effect on non-food inflation propagated by the food price shock. A main finding is that monetary policy that targets headline inflation is welfare improving.     

Optimal monetary policy under Calvo pricing with Bertrand competition

We consider a NK model characterized by a small and fixed number of firms competing in prices à la Bertrand and we study the implications for monetary policy under both exogenous and endogenous market concentration. We find that the implied NKPC has a lower slope compared to a standard NK model with atomistic firms, and the determinacy region enlarges assuming a standard Taylor rule. We characterize the impact of competition on the optimal monetary rules within the linear-quadratic approach of Rotemberg–Woodford. The optimal monetary rule requires a less aggressive reaction to inflationary shocks compared to monopolistic competition, but an increase in competition, due to either an increase in substitutability between the goods or in the number of firms, makes it optimal to adopt a more aggressive reaction in front of inflationary shocks. Finally, more competition increases the gains from commitment.     

Capital Inflows,Dutch Disease Effects,and Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy

This paper studies the role of monetary policy in a small open economy that experiences Dutch disease effects as a result of capital inflows, and examines the issue of whether such a policy should seek to address these effects from a welfare perspective. I find that Dutch disease effects occur under a fixed nominal exchange rate regime. However, a monetary policy regime characterized by generalized Taylor interest rate rules featuring either the real exchange rate or the nominal exchange rate avert Dutch disease effects. Welfare results reveal that the optimal rule is a generalized Taylor rule consistent with nominal exchange rate flexibility.     

Politics and the UK's monetary policy

This paper examines whether politics causes regime shifts in deviations from the optimal monetary policy in the United Kingdom. After using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to construct the welfare-maximizing policy rule and deviations from the optimal Taylor rule, we show that politics does indeed play an important role in explaining these deviations. In addition to politics, unemployment rates account for regime shifts in the Taylor rule deviations.     

A comparison of optimal policy rules prior to and during inflation targeting: empirical evidence from Bank of Canada

We examine policy rules that are consistent with inflation targeting (IT) framework in a small macroeconomic model of the Canadian economy. We set up an optimal linear regulator problem and derive policy rules to compare the dynamics of pre-IT and IT eras. We find that while the optimal monetary policy rule in the pre-IT period is best described with a loss function that attaches equal weight to price stability, financial stability and output stability; the IT era is dominated by the price stability objective followed by the financial stability and output stability, consecutively. Moreover, we do not find an explicit role for exchange rate stability in the objective function of the Bank of Canada for both monetary policy eras. We, then, compare the properties of the derived optimal rules with those of an ad hoc Taylor rule for the IT period. In response to inflationary shocks, Taylor rule brings down inflation rates more quickly compared to the derived policy rules, but at the cost of a higher sacrifice ratio and more volatile interest rates.     

Inflation and interest rates in the presence of a cost channel,wealth effect and agent heterogeneity

As far as the control of inflation is concerned, the interest rate is the most important monetary instrument. This paper examines the effectiveness of the interest rate policy in controlling inflation. The model utilized in this paper considers both demand and supply side effects of interest rate policy. These effects are used to derive not only the relevant impulse response functions but also the welfare loss to the society that arises from the supply side shocks. Based on their ability to control inflation and minimization of the overall welfare loss to the society, three policies are compared: (i) monetary policy with commitment, (ii) Taylor's rule, and (iii) inflation targeting. We argue that, in the presence of a cost channel, it is imperative that the interest rate policy is used with restraint. Our results also suggest that ignoring the cost channel of monetary policy can lead to significant under-estimation of the social welfare loss.     

Optimal Monetary Policy with Price and Wage Rigidities

In this paper, I search for an optimal configuration of parameters for variants of the Taylor rule by using an accurate second‐order welfare‐based method within a fully microfounded dynamic stochastic model, with price and wage rigidities, without capital accumulation. A version of the model with distortionary taxation is also explicitly tested. The model is solved up to second‐order solution. Optimal rules are obtained by maximizing a conditional welfare measure, differently from what has been done in the current literature. Optimal monetary policy functions turn out to be characterized by inflation targeting parameter lower than in empirical studies. In general, the optimal values for monetary policy parameters depend on the degree of nominal rigidities and on the role of fiscal policy. When nominal rigidities are higher, optimal monetary policy becomes more aggressive to inflation. With a tighter fiscal policy, optimal monetary policy turns out to be less aggressive to inflation. Impulse‐response functions based on second‐order model solution show a non‐affine pattern when the economy is hit by shocks of different magnitude .     

Limited asset markets participation, monetary policy and (inverted) aggregate demand logic

This paper incorporates limited asset markets participation in dynamic general equilibrium and develops a simple analytical framework for monetary policy analysis. Aggregate dynamics and stability properties of an otherwise standard business cycle model depend nonlinearly on the degree of asset market participation. While ‘moderate’ participation rates strengthen the role of monetary policy, low enough participation causes an inversion of results dictated by conventional wisdom. The slope of the ‘IS’ curve changes sign, the ‘Taylor principle’ is inverted, optimal welfare-maximizing discretionary monetary policy requires a passive policy rule and the effects and propagation of shocks are changed. However, a targeting rule implementing optimal policy under commitment delivers equilibrium determinacy regardless of the degree of asset market participation. Our results may justify Fed's behavior during the ‘Great Inflation’ period.