Antitrust, Dynamic Competition, and Business Ethics

The American Antitrust Institute, a Washington, D.C. think tank, recently completed a study that concludes that competition law and policy plays little if any role in business ethics courses taught in U.S. business schools. To fill this intellectual void, this article makes a case for the development of a business ethics sub-field of antitrust ethics that is synonymous with the ethics of competitive strategy. After reviewing Paine's Five Principles of Positive Competition and Boatright's and Hendry's views on the Moral Manager Model and Moral Market Model, the need for ethical decision-making in a dynamic, innovative environment is explained through a Federal Trade Commission antitrust case involving the Dell Computer Corporation. The author argues that the contributions of Paine, Boatright, and Hendry provide an initial foundation for further research concerning the moral theories, principles, and rules pertaining to antitrust ethics, especially as it pertains to dynamic competition and "fair and competitive" executive behavior.     

我国实施知识产权战略的依据与选择

知识产权战略是国家参与全球化竞争必须实施的战略。对知识产权的观察视角可以运用新制度经济学的产权及制度理论,从理论和现实方面了解我国实施知识产权战略的依据。同时,中国政府应从法律、政策,提升服务职能等方面实施知识产权战略,企业须转变观念,切实加强自身知识产权的保护。     

数字经济下平台竞争对反垄断规制的挑战

平台经济是数字经济的重要组成部分,作为一种新的经济业态与生产组织方式具有优化资源配置、推动经济多元融合、促进产业升级与跨界融通发展的重要作用。平台企业在高速发展的同时也形成了垄断隐忧,妥善处理数字经济的创新发展与规制平台垄断行为的关系是全球反垄断司法辖区亟待解决的问题。平台的算法行为是企业为实现利润最大化而做出的明智的单方市场应对行为还是竞争者间非法合谋的结果,是数字经济中尤为突出的难题。数字经济的发展使平台的滥用行为既有传统反垄断法所规制的滥用行为的新表现,也有新型滥用行为。同时,大型数字科技公司的零存活区策略以及大型公司对初创企业的收购对竞争的影响亦值得反垄断法关注。从垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位和合并控制等角度看,应加强平台竞争监管,在现有反垄断法分析框架和体系下对平台竞争垄断进行规制,通过对立法、执法、司法的技术完善和更新来适应数字经济的特点和发展变化。在加强对平台竞争监管的同时,更要顺应数字经济的发展规律,创新对平台竞争监管的方式,构建公平有序的竞争环境,促进相关技术的革新与进步,推动平台经济与实体经济的深度融合,从而实现经济效率与社会总福利的提升。此外,应优化竞争分析框架,构建包含消费者福利、用户数据及隐私保护、平台的产品或服务质量等因素的多元分析框架,改进市场调查等竞争政策工具。     

禁止知识产权滥用：公法与私法的价值契合——以知识产权法与反垄断法为视角

近年来,由于企业避免沉没成本的现实要求与企业作为经济人本性的使然,知识产权滥用有愈演愈烈之势。滥用知识产权会妨碍竞争,扰乱自由、公平的竞争秩序,有损经济发展。反垄断法作为经济宪章有必要对知识产权滥用行为进行规制。反垄断法与知识产权法在效率和利益价值目标上具有趋同性,功能上具有互补性,具有禁止知识产权滥用的连接点功能。     

论特许经营中知识产权的滥用与规制

特许经营是21世纪国际经济贸易的主要商业经营模式。特许经营的核心是包括商标、专利、商业秘密等知识产权以及产品经销权、经营模式所构成的特许权的使用许可,特许人以此对被特许人进行持续的监督、控制。而知识产权本身是一种合法的垄断权,常常被滥用而引起限制竞争的效果。西方主要国家均对特许经营进行反垄断法规制,而且立法日趋严格,对我国具有借鉴意义,我国应建立完善以反垄断法为核心的法律体系,用以规制特许经营中的知识产权滥用行为。     

全球贸易竞争对美国反垄断政策的影响

反垄断政策是美国政府最重要的经济政策之一。在贸易全球化时代,有观点认为,反垄断政策不利于美国企业在国际市场上的竞争,甚至认为应当将反垄断政策置于贸易政策之下。但美国政府接受了经济学家迈克尔·波特的理论,坚持激烈的国内市场竞争有助于美国企业国际竞争力形成的观点,反对将反垄断政策作为贸易政策的工具,并在政策取向上一方面对反垄断政策进行调整,使反垄断政策有助于推动企业创新;另一方面积极推动反垄断领域中的国际合作,为美国企业创造更加平等的竞争环境。     

美国银行并购的反垄断规制及对中国的启示

1963年拉开了美国银行并购的反垄断规制的序幕。到目前为止,美国已建立起了较为完善的银行并购的反垄断规制体系。文章通过分析美国银行并购的反垄断规制的缘起、方法与其特征,指出中国应借鉴美国的经验,构建自身的银行并购的反垄断规制体系,包括：（1）以＂合理原则＂为反垄断分析的核心原则;（2）民族金融竞争力的提高作为银行并购的反垄断目标;（3）高效的组织管理体系和合作有序的管制协调机制;（4）制订《银行并购法》作为银行并购的指引;（5）科学合理的对竞争效果的经济分析体系;（6）激励性和约束性相容的反垄断规制政策;（7）规制政策应具有前瞻性和灵活性。     

Intellectual Property and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Moral Crossroads Between Health and Property

The moral justification of intellectual property is often called into question when placed in the context of pharmaceutical patents and global health concerns. The theoretical accounts of both John Rawls and Robert Nozick provide an excellent ethical framework from which such questions can be clarified. While Nozick upholds an individuals right to intellectual property, based upon its conformation with Lockean notions of property and Nozicks ideas of just acquisition and transfer, Rawls emphasizes the importance of basic liberties, such as an individuals right to health, superceding such secondary rights as intellectual property rights. From a policy perspective, patent protection for pharmaceutical products necessarily entails the balancing of corporate intellectual property interests and public interests in healthcare. The moral dilemma that occurs when these two interests clash is not easily resolved. Aside from corporate and public interests, the state maintains an interest in creating and preserving policies that regulate the moral dilemma itself. This paper analyzes the economic and ethical factors surrounding the production and distribution of the anti-HIV medication, AZT. Potential policy implications and recommendations are also discussed.     

浅论科研院所知识产权管理中的问题、原因与对策

加强科研院所知识产权管理,发掘知识产权中蕴含的巨大商业价值成为科研院所在竞争中制胜的法宝.然而,由于中国经济市场化时间比较短,无论是知识产权法律保护体系,还是知识产权保护意识、开发与运作知识产权的经验及技术都还相当薄弱,科研院所知识产权管理还存在许多问题.本文将对我国科研院所知识产权管理中存在的问题及其原因进行分析,并提出一些政策建议和对策.     

论反垄断法与贸易政策的互动关系

反垄断法与贸易政策是国际市场活动中被广泛运用的两个有效工具。如何发挥这两个工具的积极作用,实现国际市场的自由、公平竞争,提高全球消费者福利,是国际社会迫切需要解决的议题之一。通过对贸易政策和反垄断法在维护市场公平竞争秩序方面的各自实现途径的讨论,证明了他们是一种互动和互补关系。在全球化经济环境下,国际性贸易政策虽然得到了不断的完善。但是,国际反垄断法的发展却面临着重大的困难。因此,为真正实现国际贸易的公平自由竞争秩序,制订和完善国内反垄断法并推动反垄断法的国际化,具有相当的紧迫性。     

The moral legitimacy of intellectual property claims: American business and developing country perspectives

Private property forms the bedrock of the business/society relationship in a market economy. In one way or another most societies limitwhat people can claim as property as well as theextent of claims they can make regarding it. In the international arena today intellectual property rights are a focal point of debate. Many developing countries do not recognize the monopoly claims of patents and copyrights asserted by business as legitimate. This paper reviews contemporary areas of dispute and then presents the tasks facing the construction of a fair intellectual property rights regime.Paul Steidlmeier is Associate Professor of business policy at the State University of New York in Binghamton. He is the author of a number of articles on business and society and of a recent book,People and Profits: The Ethics of Capitalism (Prentice Hall).     

WTO视角下中国(上海)自由贸易试验区知识产权保护问题探析

中国(上海)自由贸易试验区(简称"上海自贸区")不是世界贸易组织体制下的国际自由贸易区,而是根据《中国加入世界贸易组织议定书》所建立的国内特殊经济区。知识产权保护是世界贸易组织密切关注的重要议题,上海自贸区知识产权保护也是不可回避的焦点问题。"一线监管放开"的上海自贸区不是知识产权侵权的避风港,上海自贸区应当加强知识产权保护政策体系建设,严格知识产权海关执法;利用"先行先试"的优惠政策,在知识产权管理和执法体制方面为促进和完善国家知识产权政策体系提供示范效应,并为知识产权规则的国际协调提供实证支持。     

Does Legal Tradition Affect Competition Policy Performance?

During the early 1990's, in the early days of the worldwide competition policy boom, Spencer Waller and Joshua Newberg argued that difficulties inherent in grafting common law concepts—such as antitrust—onto non common law traditions would undermine the administration of competition law in non common law tradition countries. Recent independent survey data on the performance of competition programs in 102 nations shows deplorable differences in performance, lending some weight to the Waller-Newberg thesis.

This article tests whether differences in legal tradition contributes to the observed variance in competition agency performance.

A careful understanding of the influence of legal tradition and other factors underscoring the relevance, shortcomings and problems of competition policy performance are useful for determining whether competition programs should be at all reproduced elsewhere, whether they should be modified prior to adoption or whether they should be adopted verbatim. Familiarity with performance factors is also useful both for program administration and program sequencing. Comparative examinations of competition programs enable decision-makers to properly allocate resources and to address policy issues.

The estimated model is a two-stage least-squares cross-section analysis between competition policy performance and various control variables, including the presence of a common law tradition. Limitations on the availability of control and instrumental variables, reduces the data set from 102 to 82 nations.

Succinctly, after accounting for other explanatory variables such as gross domestic product per capita, foreign direct investment, imports, physical size, the level of corruption, and national experience with a modern antitrust law, one can attribute statistical significance to historical legal tradition as established by the Waller-Newberg hypothesis.     

EU's competition policy and the GE‐Honeywell merger fiasco: Transatlantic divergence and consumer and regulatory issues

This article discusses and analyzes the European Union's (EU's) competition policy and the 2001 General Electric‐Honeywell merger fiasco within the areas of global business and transatlantic issues. Based on a brief literature review of marketing, competition policy/antitrust law, vertical/horizontal integration, and global business, the article tries to explain those conditions that led to this failed merger. It is expected that in the coming years, the EU's competition policy and the United States' antitrust law will continue to differ and may create problems for those multinationals seeking large‐scale mergers and acquisitions in North America and Europe. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

反垄断法对农业产业化制度性的影响

反垄断法中对反竞争行为的制度性规制是市场经济追求的公平、自由竞争秩序的体现与维护。但是在农业领域,农业产业化的发展却需要适用农业豁免制度来保障。通过对美国农业豁免制度及其在农业产业化过程中存在的公共选择现象的解读,本文论证了作为我国农业基本发展方向的产业化经营模式,需要走坚持竞争理念、依循豁免制度、执行产业政策的推进路途。在反垄断法及其豁免制度的管控与保障下,农业产业化的发展不仅可以更好地实现农业主体的经济利益追求,而且对提升我国整体农业的国际竞争力也大有助益。     

Building community into property

American business's fascination with both laborsaving devices and low wage environments is causing not only structural unemployment and dissipation of the nation's industrial base but also the deterioration of abandoned host communities. According to individualist understandings of the right of private property, this deterioration is beyond sanction except insofar as it affects the property rights of others. But corporate stockholders and managers should not be considered the only owners of property the value of which is due in part to the investments of employees and of the host community. The contributions of the latter should therefore be adequately recognized in law. Short-term job protection and long-term planning for leisure are helpful. But still more important is a recognition in public policy of the interests of the community in property owned by corporations. There is ample precedent in our legal traditions for public preemption of private property; but in contrast to much taking in the past, this must be exercized in a manner that is truly for the public benefit. Edmund F. Byrne is Professor, Department of Philosophy at Indiana University, Indianapolis. He was awarded Fulbright Scholar, Belgium, 1963–1966. He is the author of numerous articles on work, law and technology, and of Work and Technology (forthcoming).     

中美经贸协议背景下电商知识产权保护优化路径研究

中美经贸协议中约定了我国在"打击网络侵权"和"主要电子商务平台上的侵权"方面的知识产权保护义务与责任,且高于我国现行法律对电商平台知识产权的保护标准。本文在梳理背景并对照分析具体条款的基础上,得出我国的电商立法规范有待完善、行政执法队伍有待扩充的困境。结合国内外电商法律保护需求与规制形势,提出了应从保护标准、处罚标准、行政管制等角度构建电商平台知识产权保护制度优化体系的五点建议,并需注重社会效应与实践效果,引导跨境电商的多方主体积极合作。     

EC Competition Law After Modernisation: More than Ever in the Interest of Consumers

In this paper it is argued that even though the consumer cannot (anymore) be reduced to a homo oeconomicus, competition law is the cornerstone of consumer law and that the decentralised application of EC competition law since 1 May 2004 (pursuant to Regulation 1/2003) gives new opportunities for an effective application of the EC competition rules to the benefit of consumers. While the EC Treaty (and the future Constitution for Europe) aim to protect consumers in the framework of the internal market programme, as well as on the basis of a genuine consumer protection policy, it is submitted that an effective competition policy remains crucial for consumers in a market economy. Consumer interests are generally diffuse and therefore difficult to protect via legal procedures. Nevertheless a further development of remedies which are already available in Community law (nullity of restrictive agreements, claims for damages, actions for a cease and desist order, and so on) will contribute to an increased application of the competition rules in the interest of consumers.     

Corporate property rights

Corporate property rights present an interesting challenge to the liberal conception of property rights, for it is unclear that the self-respect of individuals is promoted by the existence of a system of property rights for corporations. I argue that it is difficult even to identify who the individuals are who are the owners of large corporations, and why these individuals should be given the same claims, protections and immunities as other property rights holders since the liabilities of corporate property rights holders are not the same as of those, for instance, who own their own homes. In this paper I first try to understand who it is who owns the large corporation. Secondly, I show that the limited liability of these corporate property owners makes the justification of corporate property rights quite difficult, from the classical liberal perspective. I end with a few brief remarks on changes in legal policy which would be consistent with my arguments on the nature and justification of corporate property rights. Larry May is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Purdue University. He was awarded with the Exxon Education Foundation Grant during the Summer of 1982. His most important publications are Vicarious Agency and Corporate Responsibility (Philosophical Studies 43, pp. 69–82, 1983), On Conscience (American Philosophical Quarterly 20, pp. 57–67, 1983), Professional Actions and the Liabilities of Professional Associations (Business and Professional Ethics Journal 2, pp. 1–14, Fall 1982), and Sexual Harassment (Social Theory and Practice 6, pp. 249–280, 1980).     

我国行政诉讼范围浅析

我国《行政诉讼法》规定的行政诉讼范围十分有限,不利于保护公民的切身利益。正确界定和完善行政诉讼范围,尤其是应将因教育行政管理机关、公安机关的行为以及行使特定职权而引起的纠纷纳入行政诉讼范围。采用概括和列举排列方式加以规定,取消关于人身权和财产权的限制,使所有侵犯相对人合法权益的行政行为均纳入行政诉讼范围,从而保证相对人的各种合法权益不受侵犯。