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1.
Management theory and practice are facing unprecedented challenges. The lack of sustainability, the increasing inequity, and
the continuous decline in societal trust pose a threat to ‘business as usual’ (Jackson and Nelson, 2004). Capitalism is at a crossroad and scholars, practitioners, and policy makers are called to rethink business strategy in
light of major external changes (Arena, 2004; Hart, 2005). In the following, we review an alternative view of human beings that is based on a renewed Darwinian theory developed by
Lawrence and Nohria (2002). We label this alternative view ‘humanistic’ and draw distinctions to current ‘economistic’ conceptions. We then develop
the consequences that this humanistic view has for business organizations, examining business strategy, governance structures,
leadership forms, and organizational culture. Afterward, we outline the influences of humanism on management in the past and
the present, and suggest options for humanism to shape the future of management. In this manner, we will contribute to the
discussion of alternative management paradigms that help solve the current crises. 相似文献
2.
Recent academic articles point to an increased vagueness and overlap in concepts related to business ethics and corporate
responsibility. Further, the perception of these notions can differ in the small-business world from the original academic
definitions. This article focuses on the cognition of small-business owner-managers. Given the impact of small-business owner–managers
on their ventures, corporate responsibility and ethical issues can take a different route in SMEs. The small-business owner–manager
is able to shape the corporate culture and to enact values other than profit. Adopting a cognitive perspective, we have identified
how the small-business owner–manager makes sense of notions linked to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics.
The concept of sensemaking has recently been applied to CSR (Basu and Pallazzo, 2008; Cramer et al., 2006). Applying a cognitive perspective to small-business owners may help in explaining specific phenomena found within small-business
ownership. For this research, the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) is used, a method that has not previously been widely applied
in the business and society field. 相似文献
3.
Sheldene K Simola 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,96(3):383-401
During the last decade, scholars have identified a number of factors that pose significant challenges to effective business
ethics education. This article offers a “coping-modeling, problem-solving” (CMPS) approach (Cunningham, 2006) as one option for addressing these concerns. A rationale supporting the use of the CMPS framework for courses on ethical
decision-making in business is provided, following which the implementation processes for this program are described. Evaluative
data collected from N = 101 undergraduate business students enrolled in a third year required course on ethical decision-making in business indicated
that the CMPS model is a promising alternative for both overcoming teaching challenges and for facilitating skill acquisition
in the areas of ethical recognition, judgment, and action. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Susan Margaret Hart 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,92(4):585-600
The political shift toward an economic liberalism in many developed market economies, emphasizing the importance of the marketplace
rather than government intervention in the economy and society (Dorman, Systematic Occupational Health and Safety Management:
Perspectives on an International Development, 2000; Tombs, Policy and Practice in Health and Safety 3(1):24–25, 2005; Walters, Policy and Practice in Health and Safety 03(2):3–19, 2005), featured a prominent discourse centered on the need for business flexibility and competitiveness in a global economy (Dorman,
2000; Tombs, 2005). Alongside these developments was an increasing pressure for corporate social responsibility (CSR). The business case for
CSR – that corporations would benefit from voluntarily being socially responsible – was increasingly promoted by governments
and corporations as part of the justification for self-regulation. The aim of the article is to examine more closely the proposition
that self-regulation is effective, with particular reference to the business case for workplace equality and safety. Based
on a comprehensive literature review and documentary analysis, it was found that current predominant management discourse
and practice focusing on diversity and safety management systems (OHSMS) resonate well with a government and corporate preference
for the business case and self-regulation. However, the centrality of individual rather than organizational factors in diversity
and OHSMS means that systemic discrimination and inherent workplace hazards are downplayed, making it less likely that employers
will initiate structural remedies needed for real change. Thus, reliance on the business case in the argument for self-regulation
is problematic. In terms of government policy and management practice, the business case needs to be supplemented by strong,
proactive legislation, and worker involvement. 相似文献
5.
This article draws on the results of a qualitative, exploratory study of 20 Australian women business owners to demonstrate
how using a ‹gender as social identity’ lens provides new insights into the influence of gender on exporting and entrepreneurial
behaviour. Interview data reveal perceptions of gender identity and gender relations varied and influenced the interpretations
which women business owners placed on their exporting activities. Women in the study used different terms to describe exporter
and entrepreneurial characteristics to those found in extant literature. A strong theme was exporting as a life-changing experience
that allowed the women to grow personally as well as grow the business and succeed as exporters. 相似文献
6.
Jerry M. Calton 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,68(3):329-346
This paper applies Wempe’s (2005, Business Ethics Quarterly
15(1), 113–135) boundary conditions that define the external and internal logics for contractarian business ethics theory, as a system of argumentation for evaluating current or prospective institutional arrangements for arriving at the “good life,” based on the principles and practices of social justice. It does so by showing that a more dynamic, process-oriented, and pluralist ‘dialogic twist’ to Donaldson and Dunfee’s (2003, ‘Social Contracts: sic et non’, in P. Heugens, H. van Oosterhout and J. Vromen (eds.), The Social Institutions of Capitalism: Evolution and Design of Social Contracts (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.) pp. 109–126; 1999, Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics (Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press); 1995, Economics and Philosophy
11(1), 85–112; 1994, Academy of Management Review
19(2), 252–284.) integrated social contracting theory (ISCT) of economic ethics will further develop this promising and influential approach to moral reasoning, ethical decision-making, and stakeholder governance. This evolutionary, interactive learning-based model of ethical norm generation via dialogic stakeholder engagement is particularly appropriate within economic communities that are experiencing value conflict and pressures for institutional change.Jerry M. Calton is Professor of Management at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. His research interests encompass multi-stakeholder learning dialogue, trust-based network governance, and the social contracting approach to ethical decision-making. His publications have appeared in the Journal of Business Ethics, Business & Society, Business Ethics Quarterly, the Journal of Corporate Citizenship, and elsewhere. 相似文献
7.
Robert W. Kolodinsky Timothy M. Madden Daniel S. Zisk Eric T. Henkel 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,91(2):167-181
Four predictors were posited to affect business student attitudes about the social responsibilities of business, also known
as corporate social responsibility (CSR). Applying Forsyth’s (1980, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
39, 175–184, 1992, Journal of Business Ethics
11, 461–470) personal moral philosophy model, we found that ethical idealism had a positive relationship with CSR attitudes,
and ethical relativism a negative relationship. We also found materialism to be negatively related to CSR attitudes. Spirituality
among business students did not significantly predict CSR attitudes. Understanding the relationship between CSR attitudes
and the significant predictors has important implications for researchers and teachers in particular. 相似文献
8.
Lloyd Sandelands 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,85(1):93-101
I describe an ethic for business administration based on the social tradition of the Catholic Church. I find that much current
thinking about business falters for its conceit of truth. Abstractions such as the shareholder-value model contain truth –
namely, that business is an economic enterprise to manage for the wealth of its owners. But, as in all abstractions, this
truth comes at the expense of falsehood – namely, that persons are assets to deploy on behalf of owners. This last is “wrong”
in both senses of the word – it is factually wrong in that persons are far more than business assets, they are supernatural
beings, children of God; and it is morally wrong in that it is an injustice to treat them as the former when they are the
latter. I draw upon the social tradition of the Catholic Church to recognize that the business of business is not business, but is instead the human person. Following Church teachings, I describe a person-centered ethic of business based upon eight social principles that both
correct and enlarge the shareholder-centered ethic of much current business thinking. I discuss implications of this person-centered
ethic for business administration. 相似文献
9.
This article investigates the development of research in the field of CSR in China. The justification for this is that (i)
there is evidence that CSR is emerging as a management practice and management field internationally; (ii) there is a general
interest in the distinctiveness or comparability of management and management research in Asia and China; (iii) there is evidence
that CSR is growing as a management issue in China; and (iv) yet, the mainsprings of this are very different from those in
Western business systems. This article adopts a methodology used in wider analysis of CSR in management research (Lockett
et al., Journal of Management Studies
43, 2006, 115) to bring forth comparisons over the salience, focus and nature of CSR in China research. It finds a rapidly growing
salience of CSR in China research, albeit from a low base. It parallels Lockett et al.’s (2006) finding of a ‘thickening’ of CSR research focus from early concerns with Ethical issues only to greater attention to Social,
Environmental and Stakeholder concerns. It also generally parallels Lockett et al.’s (2006) findings on the balance of research methodologies deployed. The significance of the findings for future CSR research in
China is considered both for the notion of a CSR field of research and for our understanding of the development of CSR in
China. 相似文献
10.
Goran Svensson Greg Wood Jang Singh Emily Carasco Michael Callaghan 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,86(4):485-506
Based on the ‘Partnership Model of Corporate Ethics’ (Wood, 2002), this study examines the ethical structures and processes that are put in place by organizations to enhance the ethical
business behavior of staff. The study examines the use of these structures and processes amongst the top companies in the
three countries of Australia, Canada, and Sweden over two time periods (2001–2002 and 2005–2006). Subsequently, a combined
comparative and longitudinal approach is applied in the study, which we contend is a unique approach in the area of business
ethics. The findings of the study indicate that corporations operating in Sweden have utilized ethical structures and processes
differently than their Canadian and/or Australian counterparts, and that in each culture the way that companies fashion their
approach to business ethics appears congruent with their national cultural values. There does, however, appear to be a convergence
of views within the organizations of each culture, as the Swedish companies appear to have been more influenced in 2005–2006
by an Anglo-Saxon business paradigm than they have been in the past. 相似文献
11.
Academic interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be traced back to the 1930s. Since then an impressive body
of empirical data and theory-building has been amassed, mainly located in the fields of management studies and business ethics.
One of the most noteworthy recent conceptual contributions to the scholarship is Midttun’s (Corporate Governance 5(3):159–174,
2005) CSR-oriented embedded relational model of societal governance. It re-conceptualises the relationships between the state,
business, and civil society. Other scholars (In Albareda et al. Corporate Governance 6(4):386–400, 2006; Business Ethics: A European Review 17(4):347–363, 2008; Lozano et al., Governments and Corporate Social Responsibility, 2008) have recently successfully used the model as the basis for their analytical framework for researching CSR activities in
a large number of western European countries. While this research offers valuable insights into how CSR is operationalised,
it also suffers from a number of significant limitations. To develop a stronger analytical framework with which to explore
CSR, this article draws more deeply on political science literature concerned with governance and public policy analysis.
This represents the main purpose of this article. In addition, this article also addresses a second and more modest aim: to
reflect on the ways in which relational governance-inspired frameworks could be adapted and applied to politico-economic systems
where state-industry-third sector relations differ from those found in North America and Western Europe. Both lines of argument
are illustrated using vignettes from a case study of the Evenkia Hydro-Electric Station building project in the Russian Federation. 相似文献
12.
Business Survival and Success of Young Small Business Owners 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Little empirical evidence provides insight in person-oriented drivers of business survival and success of small business owners. In this paper I perform a duration analysis of business survival amongst young white (self-employed) small business owners in the U.S. Compulsory exits are distinguished from voluntary exits. This enables an alternative definition of business success: the longer one can survive and prevent inLvoluntary exit, the more successful one is. Potential drivers of survival are derived from recent empirical evidence in related studies. The potential drivers of success are also derived from historical economic thinkers such as Marshall and Schumpeter. The estimated hazard rates are affected by characteristics of the small business owner and business conditions. 相似文献
13.
Sheldene Simola 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,107(4):473-484
Although there has been a proliferation of interest in sustainable business practice, recent research has identified concerns
with the relative neglect of the social versus environmental aspects of sustainability. It is argued here that due to its
reliance on internally held, concrete and intrinsically motivated forms of responsiveness, as well as its ability to be authentically
social versus parochial in nature, that the ethical construct of “embodied care” (Hamington, Embodied Care: Jane Addams, Maurice
Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics, 2004) has particular relevance as one path through which responsiveness to the human aspects of sustainable business practice
might occur. Consideration is given to care as both an individual and organizational level construct. Business case examples
are offered and directions for future research described. 相似文献
14.
An empirical study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (King, L. A. and C. K. Nappa: 1998, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
75(1), 156–165) concludes that people generally believe meaning and happiness are essential elements of the good life, whereas
money is relatively unimportant. Yet, the authors also state that although “we do know what it takes to make a good life...we
still behave as if we did not.” The authors are suggesting that despite a general belief that money is relatively unimportant
in creating happiness, many people continue to focus their behaviors on increasing income and wealth. This is the classic
conflict between the folk wisdom that money cannot buy happiness, on the one hand, and a continued focus by many people on
achieving material success on the other. The issue is of particular importance to business professionals, not only because
profit maximization is the central focus of business, but also because college students often pursue business as a profession
for the express purpose of maximizing personal income and wealth. In the business world a focus on personal financial success
is the norm. Wealth and income are honored. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze psychological studies comparing
happiness and financial success. The results are then contrasted with philosophical wisdom and religious writings comparing
happiness and money. The intent is to determine whether psychological studies provide incremental insights into the connection
between financial success and happiness.
Kent Swift PhD, is a professor in the College of Business Sciences at Zayed University. He has been teaching business at both
the undergraduate and graduate level in science 1978, and he has published articles on a variety of business topics. Dr. Swift
received his PhD from the University of Wisconsin – Madison. 相似文献
15.
A majority of the countries in the world are still considered “developing,” with a per capita income of less than U$1,000.
Hahn (2008, Journal of Business Ethics
78, 711–721) recently proposed an ambitious business ethics research agenda for integrating the “bottom-of-the-pyramid” countries
(Prahalad and Hart, 2002, Strategy and Competition
20, 2–14) through sustainable development and corporate citizenship. Hahn’s work is among the growing field of research in comparative
business ethics including the global business ethics index (Michalos, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics
79(1), 9–19; Scholtens and Dam, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics
75(3), 273–284; Tsalikis and Seaton, 2008, Journal of Business Ethics
75(3), 229–238). This article is complementary to Hahn’s work and it advocates an urgent need for business ethics researchers
to globally integrate the bottom-of-the-pyramid countries through a fundamental re-definition of the global economic triad,
including the United States, Western Europe, and Japan [Ohmae, 1985, Triad Power: The Coming Shape of Global Competition (New York: Free Press)]. The definition that we propose is based on business systems and institutional perspectives that
include the bottom-of-the-pyramid countries. We also propose to broaden the research in business ethics to enable comparisons
across business systems indifferent income levels. 相似文献
16.
Moral and financial scandals emerging in recent years around the world have created the momentum for reconsidering the role
of virtuousness in organizational settings. This empirical study seeks to contribute toward maintaining this momentum. We
answer to researchers’ suggestions that the exploratory study carried out by Cameron et al. (Am Behav Sci 47(6):766–790, 2004), which related organizational virtuousness (OV) and performance, must be pursued employing their measure of OV in other
contexts and in relation to other outcomes (Wright and Goodstein, J Manage 33(6):928–958, 2007). Two hundred and sixteen employees reported their perceptions of OV and their affective well-being (AWB) at work (one of
the main indicators of employees’ happiness), their supervisors reporting their organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB).
The main finding is that the perceptions of OV predict some OCB both directly and through the mediating role of AWB. The evidence
suggests that OV is worthy of a higher status in the business and organizational psychology literatures. 相似文献
17.
David A. Waldman 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,101(1):75-92
Integrating corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in business is one of the great challenges facing firms today.
Societal stakeholders require much more from the firm than pursuing profitability and growth. But these societal stakeholders
often simply assume that increased societal expectations can easily be accommodated within efficiently run business operations,
without much attention devoted to process issues. We build upon the core–periphery thesis to explore potential avenues for
firms to add recurring CSR initiatives to their existing business practices. Based on Siggelkow’s (Admin Sci Quart 47:125–159,
2002) analysis of organizational change, we conceptualize seven major patterns of CSR initiative adoption. We develop a new organizing
framework showing how a firm can integrate CSR initiatives in business. Within the new framework, each of the seven patterns
represents an idiosyncratic path through which recurring CSR initiatives can be included as practices into conventional operations.
We also explore the nature of the resulting internal fit between recurring CSR initiatives and business practices. 相似文献
18.
Carla C. J. M. Millar Chong-Ju Choi Philip Y. K. Cheng 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,87(4):455-462
Despite the importance of the co-evolution approach in various branches of research, such as strategy, organisation theory,
complexity, population ecology, technology and innovation (Lewin et al., 1999; March, 1991), co-evolution has been relatively neglected in international business and ethics research (Madhok and Phene, 2001). The purpose of this article is to show how co-evolution theory provides a theoretical framework within which some issues
of ethics research are addressed. Our analysis is in the context of the contrasts between business systems (North, 1990), and in particular the distinction between informal systems and those systems where institutions are formalised in law.
This complements the growing research on comparative corporate governance and capitalisms (Chandler and Hikino, 1990; Choi et al., 1999; Whitley, 1994). The synthesis of co-evolution and analysis of divergent institutional environments in ethics research can also complement
the globalisation and MNE approaches to international business research. 相似文献
19.
Assessing Freeman’s Stakeholder Theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James A. Stieb 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,87(3):401-414
At least since the publication of the monumental Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach (1984), the “stakeholder theory” originated by R. E. Freeman has engrossed much of the business ethics literature. Subsequently,
some advocates have moved a bit too quickly and without proper definition or argument. They have exceeded Freeman’s intentions
which are more libertarian and free-market than is often thought. This essay focuses on the versions of stakeholder theory
directly authored or coauthored by Freeman in an effort to recover (1) Freeman’s intentions and (2) the argumentative justification
of stakeholder theory. It then argues that Freeman’s appeal to legal, economic, and ethical constraints ultimately produce
arguments that are invalid. One can thoroughly support legislation constraining corporations or seeking to prevent age discrimination,
market monopolies, and externalities and regret the extent that capitalism is heir to such shortcomings without it following that (1) business beneficiaries should be changed from stockholders to stakeholders and (2) the latter should be given serious decision-making power. Further, stakeholder theory neither defines nor battles any obvious opposition. Hence, it is difficult
to see what it changes about business management. In short, stakeholder theory either changes too much about business, or
nothing important at all (depending on one’s interpretation). Efforts to supplant or improve the reigning theory of capitalism
will have to do better. 相似文献
20.
Prior research has examined several ethical questions related to executive compensation. The issues that have received most
attention are whether executives’ pay is fair and justified by performance. Since more recent studies show that stock options
grants constitute the single largest component in executive compensation, we examine the relations of these grants to economic
determinants and corporate governance for firms in the stagnant stage of their lifecycle. We find that, on average, stock
options grants comprise a significant portion of annual CEO compensation (26.4%) for stagnant firms. We also find that economic
(corporate governance) factors explain less (or more) of the cross-sectional variation in stock options grants for stagnant
firms than for growth firms. Furthermore, we document lower pay-performance sensitivity (i.e., weaker incentive alignment)
and no improvement in future firm performance from past stock options grants to CEOs of stagnant firms. In particular, our
study provides empirical evidence on some inefficiencies associated with stock options grants to CEOs of low potential (stagnant)
firms, a long-standing concern of business ethics researchers (Moriarty, 2005; Nichols and Subramaniam, 2001; Perel, 2003). Our results also provide support for the corporate governance reforms discussed in Matsumura and Shin (2005), especially those proposed provisions that curtail the power of CEOs in the governance of firms. 相似文献