Trade, Entry Barriers, and Home Market Effects

This paper re‐examines the relationship between entry barriers and home market effects and departs from recent work by using returns to scale as a direct measure of entry barriers as opposed to relying on the level of product differentiation as an indirect proxy for barriers to entry. In contrast to earlier work, results of this study do not indicate a significant relationship between home market effects and entry barriers. In addition, examination of trade costs reveals the importance of these costs in the numéraire sector. These two observations are consistent with the theoretical prediction that home market effects are insignificant in the presence of symmetric trade costs across sectors. Consequently, a more direct measure of barriers to entry and an explicit consideration of trade costs indicate that the link between home market effects and barriers to entry is not as strong as predicted by previous work.     

Regulatory Barriers and Entry into a New Competitive Industry

We model the effects of license fees and bureaucratic delay on firm entry into a new competitive industry, whose profitability is initially unknown. A license fee alone reduces the number of first movers and the steady‐state number of firms. The combination of license fee and delay may cause some entrepreneurs to purchase licenses speculatively, only using them to enter production later if profitability is revealed to be sufficiently favourable. Alternatively, some entrepreneurs may wait, possibly buying a license only after profitability is revealed; but it is never found that some entrepreneurs adopt one of these strategies and some the other.     

进入壁垒、生产能力扩张与证券审计市场的竞争

本文从产业组织的视角,利用2001～2005年我国A股审计市场的面板数据,分析了进入壁垒、生产能力扩张这两种竞争因素对我国证券审计市场竞争的影响。结果表明,2000年后证券审计市场政策性进入壁垒提高后,短期内证券审计市场价格竞争有所削弱。但在长期,外生的需求增长导致各事务所生产能力快速扩张,使得市场竞争加剧。从整个研究时期看,进入壁垒提高带来的减缓竞争效应仍大于生产能力扩张带来的竞争效应。     

进入壁垒与石油产业组织效应

进入壁垒是影响产业组织效率的重要因素之一。对于石油产业来说,一定的进入壁垒有利于保护国家利益和社会利益,有利于避免其他企业的盲目进入,提高规模经济效益。但应对石油产业不同性质的业务加以区分,区别实行不同的进入壁垒政策。     

中国轿车市场差异化进入壁垒探析

对于在位企业而言,进入壁垒对于保持其竞争优势至关重要。产品差异化是在位企业构建进入壁垒的重要手段之一。本文通过一个两阶段动态博弈模型,分析了在位企业通过合理的产品差异化程度设置进入壁垒的问题,进而从产品差异化的角度解释了轿车市场的进入壁垒问题。轿车产品通常具有较大的差异。产品的差异性一方面使得在位企业拥有竞争优势,另一方面有使得进入者可能在产品空间中找到理想的位置进入。为了达到遏制进入的目的,在位企业应当合理地设置自己的产品线,使得自己的产品保持合理的差异程度。合理的差异化程度将使得进入者在进入之后面对相近的替代产品的竞争无法达到规模经济的产量。而且,通过对中国轿车市场销量排行榜的分析,找到了支持理论模型的经验证据。     

Quality Assurance and the Home Market Effect

The home market effect is considered as a distinguishing feature of models of trade with increasing returns to scale in production and imperfect competition. However, some empirical studies found the existence of home market effect even in constant returns to scale industries. This paper builds a model of intra‐industry trade based upon quality assurance and shows the existence of the home market effect without increasing returns in the production technology. This throws into question the rationale of empirical studies attempting to validate the increasing returns model of trade based upon testing the existence of the home market effect.     

市场进入壁垒、进入管制与中国产业的行政垄断

本文在对中国产业行政垄断研究的基础上,从产业组织理论的角度对该问题给予了较全面的论述.其基本逻辑过程是:如果不存在市场的进入壁垒,那么,没有外力干预的市场竞争机制将导致最优的社会福利结果.如果存在市场进入壁垒,则可能是技术进入壁垒、企业战略性进入壁垒和政府进入管制,如果这些进入壁垒的效应有利于市场竞争机制的有效发挥及社会福利,那么政府对此就无需进行干预;反之,就应存在着政府干预,而且这种干预的程序和方法都应该具有有效性和公平性.如果我们将这种干预称作政府管制的话,就不应该存在所谓政府对产业的行政垄断.本文从上述分析逻辑给出行政垄断的定义,并对在我国建立完善有效的产业政府管制以及消除产业的行政垄断提出建议.     

本地市场效应、比较优势动态化与地方中枢型产业的选择

空间经济学理论表明,基于市场规模的产业本地市场效是新的比较优势的源泉。从产业本地市场效应角度考察我国区域间产业发展,利用《中国区域间投入产出表》测算中国不同区域和不同产业的本地市场效应大小,即“超常需求”的大小,发现伴随规模经济的“本地市场效应”可以较好地解释我国产业空间结构的现象。根据产业本地市场效应,即以市场需求为导向来培育主要产业是构建现代产业体系的途径之一,是未来我国产业升级的重要方向。     

Tax Evasion,Corruption and Market Entry

We analyze the impact of tax policy on the market entry of firms in the presence of corruption and tax evasion. In a world with corruption, firms must bribe corrupt officials to enter the market. For a given level of bribes, higher tax rates and stricter enforcement of taxation decrease tax evasion but typically reduce market entry. However, when the level of bribes reacts to tax policy, higher taxes and stricter enforcement of taxation can have a double benefit. Up to a certain threshold, for which we develop a simple rule, stricter enforcement increases market entry and reduces tax evasion.     

Duration of Rent Extraction and the Entry Mode Decision of Multinational Enterprises

The prior literature is ambiguous about the effects of stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) on the choice of a multinational firm's mode of entry into foreign markets. However, available indexes of IPR protection exist only at the country level and do not identify interindustry variation in the ability to extract rents through exclusive rights and other factors. The authors introduce this dimension and compute a parameter that reflects the relative length of time that positive profits may be earned in various industries. Estimation results find that strengthening IPR would reduce exporting in all industries in the sample. However, it would raise (reduce) foreign direct investment, relative to licensing, in industries with shorter (longer) rent‐extraction times.     

论市场进入程度

本文的分析表明:当市场进入的沉淀成本、需求状况、产品差异化以及企业家能力等这些影响市场进入程度的因素由外生变量变为内生变量时,市场进入程度也随之发生改变.基于促进市场形成有效竞争为出发点,从产业组织政策和企业竞争战略两个角度,本文提出了我国避免过度竞争和过度垄断的对策选择.     

Barriers to Entry and Industrial Performance in China

This paper estimates an index of barriers to entry for each of the 40 Chinese industries by modelling entry as a function of various incentives to enter, relative to the level of barriers to entry. The estimated index was employed to analyse the relationship between barriers to entry and profitability and total factor productivity. The major finding is that an appropriate degree of barriers to entry,¹but not free entry or high barriers to entry, is beneficial to Chinese industrial performance. This is in contrast to the conventional argument in mainstream industrial economics and the findings of most empirical research.     

Market Liberalization,Regulatory Uncertainty,and Firm Investment

This paper analyzes the effects of regulatory uncertainty regarding labor costs on investment in a liberalized market. We distinguish between the external investment margin (market entry) and the internal investment margin (technology), and establish that regulatory uncertainty affects these margins differently, encouraging market entry, but discouraging technological investment. As a consequence, the impact of regulatory uncertainty on competition in liberalized markets is a combination of these two countervailing forces.     

Product Market Integration and Heterogeneity—Rent Sharing and Pricing to Market

International product market integration makes market penetration easier and therefore creates both export opportunities and import threats. This changes the competitive position of firms and is associated with changes in trade, production, and specialization structures. The gains and losses in this process are unlikely to be equally shared due to heterogeneity across firms/sectors. In a Ricardian trade model with heterogeneity across firms, we find “pricing to market”—effects not only for exports, but also for pricing in the domestic market even for nontradables. Rents to be shared in wage bargaining differ across tradables and nontradables. It is shown that lower trade frictions affect the scope for “pricing to market” and cause wages to become more closely driven by (relative) productivity. Labor market prospects tend not to improve for low wage jobs, and not to deteriorate for high wage jobs.     

金融契约执行效率、企业进入与产品市场竞争

供给侧改革的核心之一是引导企业有序进入新行业,金融契约执行效率的高低会影响企业外部融资成本和进入决策,进而决定市场竞争程度。本文将不完全契约机制和古诺竞争引入动态一般均衡框架,从理论上阐释了金融契约执行效率对企业进入和市场竞争的影响机制。此外,本文使用1998—2007年中国制造业企业的微观数据对理论结果进行了实证检验,回归结果表明:金融契约执行效率越高的地区,企业进入激励越强、市场竞争越充分;从地区角度看,中部地区对金融契约执行效率的变动相对敏感;从行业角度看,技术密集型行业对金融契约执行效率的变动相对不敏感。     

中国垄断性行业的准入壁垒及其经济绩效

中共“十八大”以来,如何理解市场准入的行政审批体制改革的重要意义成为当前理论界的热点。与以往的实证研究不同,文章使用主流经济学模型(动态的创新竞争模型)对行政审批制度进行模型化的尝试,并深入分析该制度的具体经济绩效及其作用机制。主要结论如下：1)垄断性行业的生命周期比竞争性行业长,因此,若不能破除垄断,那么在垄断性行业淘汰落后产能是相对有效的产业政策。2)垄断性行业会带来更高的价格,并使在位企业获得更多经济利润,因此价格和利润规制是政府管理垄断性行业的必要工具。3)由于行政性准入壁垒挤出了消费者剩余,行业监管部门应该从企业所获得的垄断租金中征收额外的福利税,构建起向消费者进行转移支付的政策体系。4)垄断性行业会抑制行业内部的技术进步,因此需要监管部门实施创新激励。     

Price Discrimination, Regulation and Entry in the UK Residential Electricity Market

The residential electricity market in Great Britain has recently been opened to competition and is served by 14 regional incumbents, and up to 15 entrants in each area. This study finds that the incumbents' regulated prices are discriminatory between consumers using different payment methods, and that firms are practising third‐degree price discrimination between areas. The authors discuss the implications for regulatory policy both in the UK and in other countries where electricity markets are being deregulated.     

The Home Market Effect in Models with Multinational Enterprises

Trade patterns in new trade theory models and agglomeration patterns in new economic geography models crucially depend on the effect that a higher local demand leads to a larger share of production of these products, namely the home market effect. Multinationals can exploit higher foreign demand without incurring transport costs by setting up a plant abroad. This paper demonstrates that in the presence of multinationals the home market effect appears even in cases where it otherwise would not. But it works via a different channel, relying on the repatriation of profits rather than on interindustry trade.     

从进入和退出壁垒看我国工业中的过度竞争

工业中出现的严重过度竞争造成社会福利损失和资源配置效率低下。过度竞争是由于进入壁垒低而退出壁垒高造 成。从进入和退出两方面分析我国工业中的过度竞争,在此基础上,提出纠正进入壁垒和退出壁垒的措施,有利于促使过度 竞争向有效竞争转化。     

加入WTO与中国证券市场监管

文章以中国加入WTO必须履行开放证券市场的承诺为背景 ,对我国证券市场国际化及其法律环境进行了分析。结合近年来中国证券市场发生的典型案例 ,分析了我国证券监管法制改革的依据 ,并提出相应的法制改革思路。