Configuring blockchain architectures for transaction information in blockchain consortiums: The case of accounting and supply chain systems

This paper investigates alternative configurations of different blockchain architectures that can be used for gathering and processing transactions in a range of different settings, including accounting, auditing, supply chain and other types of transaction information. Although there has been substantial focus on the peer‐to‐peer and public versions of blockchain, this paper focuses primarily on cloud‐based and private configuration versions of blockchains and investigates use configurations, advantages and limitations as firms bring blockchain‐based market mechanisms into their organizations. In addition, this paper investigates some emerging issues associated with blockchain use in consortium settings. Finally, this paper relates some proposed uses of blockchain for transaction processing to other technologies, such as data warehouses and databases.     

Some issues in blockchain for accounting and the supply chain,with an application of distributed databases to virtual organizations

This paper reviews some recent blockchain‐based applications for information capture, distribution and preservation. As part of that review, this paper examines two key concerns with current blockchain designs for accounting and supply chain transactions: data independence and multiple semantic models for the same information distribution problem. Blockchain applications typically integrate database, application and presentation tiers all in the same ledger. This results in a general inability to query information in the ledger and other concerns. Further, since most applications appear to be private blockchain applications, there is a concern of agents needing to accommodate multiple blockchains depending on who their trading partners are and what they request. Finally, this paper uses a distributed database to design a ‘blockchain‐like’ system for virtual organizations.     

Nonrecurring Accounting Transactions and Stock Option Grants

Abstract:  We examine the effect of nonrecurring accounting transactions on stock option grants for a sample of US companies. After controlling for both the economic and corporate governance-related determinants of option grants, we find that the aggregate value of stock option grants is more positively related to nonrecurring gains than to nonrecurring losses. We also examine whether the asymmetric treatment of nonrecurring gains and losses arises because (1) information contained in the nonrecurring transactions is related to firms' long-term prospects, (2) weak corporate governance fails to curb more favorable executive pay arrangements, (3) executives possess superior bargaining power in the labor marketplace, and (4) firms have significant growth opportunities. While we find no support for the first explanation and some support for the third, we find more consistent support for the growth explanation and two factors related to the corporate governance explanation: director-executive duality and the frequency of board meetings.     

Beyond the contract: Managing risk in supply chain relations

As a consequence of the development of intensified relations with suppliers, for many firms the supply chain has become a significant source of risk exposure. In this paper we examine firms’ use of control practices to manage risks associated with intensified collaboration with supply chain partners. Specifically, we examine how buyers manage risks associated with interfirm transactions through their choice of supply partner, in terms of perceived goodwill and competence trust, and their use of multiple interrelated supply chain management (SCM) control practices. These control practices include contractual contingency planning, performance target setting, operational reviews, information sharing, supplier support and joint problem solving. We collect survey data from Japanese manufacturing firms about their relations with part suppliers to test hypotheses about the associations between transaction risks, selection of trusted suppliers and use of SCM practices. Our results support that transaction characteristics that are at the basis of transaction risks significantly affect the selection of trusted partners to collaborate with as well as their use of various control practices to manage relationships. We also find that in particular competence trust facilitates the use of control practices to support effective SCM.     

农村金融交易复杂性与共同治理契约：沂源案例

随着农村资产的多元化，农村金融交易也越来越复杂。复杂的农村金融交易往往使得单一治理契约失效，交易难以达成；而基于多边的共同治理契约虽然不能改变交易主体的风险偏好，但却能够还原企业的真实风险状况，促进信息对称，降低总体交易成本，改善金融交易效率。     

关联交易中会计信息与计税基础的趋同性研究

我国企业财务会计信息服务对象的变迁反映出会计准则中多重计量属性所引致的会计规范和税收法规在相关交易规定上存在的差异。而依据税收透明度及企业所得税法提供的相关资料两方面的要求,计税依据与会计信息指标非常必要保持一致。本文认为,关联交易会计计量与计税基础在关联关系判定标准、关联交易认定内容等方面存在差异,应该将关联关系扩大到个人,并将关联企业认定的控制标准设定为20%。     

域外商品与服务税视同应税交易规则解析与中国借鉴

《中华人民共和国增值税法(征求意见稿)》以及《增值税法(送审稿)》将视同应税交易明确限定为货物等用于集体福利或者个人消费和无偿赠送两大类型,相比于加拿大、新加坡、澳大利亚的商品与服务税视同交易规则及替代方案,体现出较大的趋同性.视同应税交易的建构核心在于贯彻增值税中性原则,包括保护纳税人抵扣权、促进课税待遇平等以及避免...     

Blockchain as the Database Engine in the Accounting System

This paper examines the prediction that blockchain technology will transform accounting and the profession because transactions recorded on a blockchain can be aggregated into financial statements and confirmed as true and accurate. We argue that blockchain technology affects the database engine of the accounting information system (AIS) through digitisation of the current paper‐based validation process. In a blockchain‐based AIS, accountants will no longer be the central authority but will remain the preparer of financial reports required by regulations; they will continue to influence policies such as the choice and accreditation of validators and serve as validators of last resort. Audit evidence still needs to be gathered for rendering of an audit opinion in a blockchain‐based AIS. While digitisation of the validation process reduces the error rate and lowers the cost of vouching and tracing, and immutability of blockchain data reduces the incentive and opportunities for fraud, a blockchain‐based AIS alone does not guarantee that financial reports are true and fair. Lower error rates and reduced incentives for accounting fraud in a blockchain‐based AIS are expected to improve audit quality. This prediction will need to be empirically tested when blockchain‐based AIS become available. Using the three‐tier architecture of the AIS, this paper addresses the gap in the literature that misses how characteristics of blockchain technology can influence the implementation of a blockchain‐based AIS with related implications for the accounting profession.     

商业银行开展土地金融业务的战略思考

本文从分析商业银行开展土地金融业务的重要意义入手，探讨了当前商业银行开展土地金融业务存在的问题，并有针对性地提出商业银行快速、健康发展土地金融业务的具体应对措施。     

区块链技术助力新能源供应链金融发展研究

传统新能源供应链中存在信息交互及时性、真实性难以保障,优质核心企业缺 乏,风险控制不足等问题,具有去中心化、可溯源、信息不可篡改、智能合约等特点的区块链 技术为供应链金融创新发展提供了有利条件。在解析新能源供应链金融存在的问题基础上,分 析区块链技术在新能源供应链金融中应用的优势,提出将融资租赁公司融入新能源供应链作 为核心企业,构建基于区块链的新能源供应链金融新模式,并对可能存在的风险进行了分析。     

The Informational Content of Transactions

This paper studies the price discovery process in security markets. In particular, it analyzes the incorporation of information into security prices in a quote-driven security market from the perspective of information theory. In essence, it draws on a sequential trading mechanism, which is standard in market microstructure theory, and in which information is processed on the basis of individual transactions. It is demonstrated that the ex-ante information content of a transaction is proportionate to the average Kullback–Leibler distance of the prior and the posterior probability measures that quantify the uncertainty on the state of nature prior to and after that transaction, respectively. It is shown that the information on the state of nature, reflected in the security price, never decreases ex-ante by an upcoming transaction, which in turn accounts for the fact that the order flow is informationally valuable. Finally, it is pointed out that security markets in which the order flow is completely uninformative for the state of nature feature maximum depth; that is, those security markets are maximally liquid.Acknowledgements: I am grateful to David R. Wolf for his valuable guidance concerning some subtleties of information theory. The precious comments of an anonymous referee are appreciated.     

基于区块链技术的互联网信用体系框架构建

互联网环境下,传统信用体系存在信息壁垒严重、信息交易不畅、信息安全堪忧等诸多不足。区块链技术在解决信息共享、信息交易和信息安全等方面的问题上具有优势。基于区块链技术构建互联网信用体系,并作为社会信用体系的重要组成部分,可以较好地解决互联网环境下传统信用体系存在的问题。构建包含政府机构、征信机构、企业和个人用户等运行主体的互联网信用体系框架,分析其运行模式,对比互联网信用体系与传统信用体系的差异,建议强化管理体制,发挥政府主导作用,创新监管制度,健全激励机制等,以促进互联网信用体系的构建。     

Bid-ask Spreads, Trading Volume and Volatility: Intra-day Evidence from the London Stock Exchange

This paper examines intra-day variations in the bid-ask spread, volatility and volume for stocks traded on the London Stock Exchange. The data set used consists of quote and transactions data for a large sample of 835 stocks traded during the first quarter of 1991. The focus of the study is twofold; first, is to document a number of stylized facts regarding the intra-day behaviour of spread, trading volume, volatility etc. Second, the paper tests some predictions of two theoretical models of intra-day behaviour: the Admati and Pfleiderer and the Brock and Kleidon models. In addition, the paper also studies qualitatively the intra-day behaviour of several variables of interest including volume per transaction, transactions per fifteen-minute interval and spreads/trading volume for stocks of differing liquidity. The results suggest that the bid-ask spread is wide at the open, constant through the day and rises slightly at the close. Trading volume, in contrast is not highest at the open and the close. Volatility, based on the mid-point of the inside spread, shows a U-shaped pattern. Volume per transaction, in contrast, is fairly constant throughout the day. Further, the intra-day trading volume pattern differs for liquid and illiquid stocks. The results provide mixed support for current theoretical models of intra-day behaviour of spread, volume and volatility on the London Stock Exchange     

Does Concentrated Founder Ownership Affect Related Party Transactions? Evidence from an Emerging Economy

This study examines the impact of concentrated founder ownership on related party transactions (RPTs) for Indian firms. We find that concentrated founder ownership is positively related to RPTs and is more likely to encourage RPTs that are beneficial for the minority shareholders. We also observe that RPTs are associated with higher firm value. This relationship is more pronounced for business group firms and firms with more highly concentrated founder ownership. We show that the reputation incentive plays a very important role in founders’ decisions, and they use RPTs as an efficient transaction mechanism.     

现金持有水平、投资者保护与关联交易

以沪深两市的非金融类上市公司为样本,考察现金持有水平、投资者与关联交易之间的关系,结果发现上市公司的现金持有水平与关联交易显著正相关,这意味着上市公司的现金持有水平越高,基于大股东掏空的关联交易侵占越多;在投资者保护较差的公司,现金持有水平与关联交易之间的正相关关系更强,这说明有效的投资者保护体系能够起到约束大股东通过关联交易从上市公司转移现金的作用。因此进一步引导和规范上市公司的现金分红,以及加强投资者保护的执法力度,是治理关联交易的有效选择。     

Reciprocal and Non-Reciprocal Transactions: The FASB's Stock-Based Compensation Project

Whether the FASB's conceptual framework can be used to derive accounting treatments has been debated. Mozes (1998) argued that the conceptual framework's high level of abstraction meant that several alternative views were possible for the treatment of stock-based compensation and that this was unhelpful. This article identifies a problem at the abstract level of the conceptual framework that requires resolution before Mozes' proposals to remedy the high level of abstraction may be acted upon—the inappropriateness of the conceptual framework's distinction between liabilities and equity. The conceptual framework is clear that equity transactions are non-reciprocal but the accounting treatment to be derived from this view is unacceptable and was not presented as an option in the stock-based compensation project. Instead, the FASB's basis for conclusions is based on reciprocal transactions, disguising the inappropriateness of the conceptual framework's definitions. Failure to revise the conceptual framework leaves the FASB, and other standard-setting bodies drawing on the FASB's concepts, open to developing serious inconsistencies in other pro-jects where the distinction between liabilities and equity is important, and without conceptual support for their stance on stock-based compensation.     

Lease transaction structuring,earnings management,and management credibility

Despite recent regulatory concerns regarding off-balance sheet financing, and concerns about lease accounting in particular, relatively little is known about how financial statement users view lease transaction structuring compared to other forms of earnings management. We examine sell-side financial statement analysts’ views on lease transaction structuring and its impact on their assessments of management credibility. Although operating leases often act as the prototypical example of transaction structuring, survey responses suggest that lease structuring and related voluntary reconciliations do not raise the same concerns for analysts as do other earnings management activities (which lower analysts’ perceptions of management credibility). Our findings are consistent with prior research demonstrating that, with precise accounting standards, managers are more likely to attempt earnings management by structuring transactions, but auditors are also less likely to adjust such attempts, and suggest that financial statement users may also be less concerned with transaction structuring than with other forms of earnings management.     

聚类分析与范例推理在反洗钱中的应用

本文以数据挖掘技术在可疑金融交易识别中的应用现状为铺垫,探讨了聚类分析和范例推理技术在反洗钱中的应用.在分析数据挖掘技术运用于可疑金融交易识别的基础上,对我国的可疑金融交易识别研究提出浅见,希望对我国的反洗钱信息系统的建设有所裨益.     

Directors’ share dealings and corporate insolvencies: evidence from the UK

This paper investigates the relation between insider trading and the likelihood of insolvency with a specific focus on the directors’ sale and purchase transactions preceding insolvency. We use a unique data set on directors’ dealings in 474 non-financial UK firms, of which 117 filed for insolvency, over the period 2000–2010. We show that the directors of insolvent firms increase their purchase transactions significantly as the insolvency approaches. The results also reveal a significant relation between three different measures of insider trading activity and the likelihood of insolvency, which is observed to be positive only during the last six-month trading period. The relation is negative for the earlier trading periods. While the earlier purchase transactions appear to be motivated by superior information held by insiders, the purchase trades closer to the insolvency date are possibly initiated by directors’ motives to influence the market's perception of the firm in an attempt to avert or delay insolvency.