中国会步入"双赤字"阶段吗?

全球金融危机之后,中国经常账户顺差持续下降,而与之相伴随的是财政政策力度的不断增强.文章基于结构性向量自回归模型,通过控制经济周期对财政政策的内生性冲击,识别财政政策对经常账户的影响.实证研究表明,扩张型的财政政策会使经常账户余额显著下降,即支持"双赤字"理论.机制分析表明,中国的财政赤字扩张会带来家户和企业的储蓄增加...     

我国国际收支平衡的政策机制

一般来说,国际收支的失衡可能是国内国际的经济原因,由于利率和汇率导致,或者是结构性失调等。对国际收支失衡的调节分为自动调节和政策调节。利率、汇率、国民收入和货币价格对国际收支具有一定的自发调节作用。另外国内实行不同的货币政策和财政政策搭配,对国际收支也有较大的影响。但是在我国利率和汇率     

特朗普政策能否对中国资本项目开放度造成冲击?:理论与实证

中国是国际上少数尚未实现币种自由兑换的大国。2017年唐纳德·特朗普当选新一任美国总统,其三项主张"退出TPP、提高对华关税及指控央行操控汇率"与中国稳健开放资本项目密切相关。文章根据IMF《汇兑安排与汇兑限制年报》并结合特朗普政策,分析了人民币资本项目对外开放的现状和特征,并构建理论模型讨论了特朗普各项政策对资本项目开放性的影响机理,再运用1982~2016年度数据,结合Bayesian-VAR模型实证分析了特朗普政策对我国资本项目开放度长期协整关系和短期影响冲击。研究发现:(1)从退出TPP角度考虑特朗普政策会对人民币资本项目开放度产生正向冲击,而关税提高和汇率指控会对人民币资本项目产生负向冲击;(2)特朗普不同政策对我国不同技术行业和地区的影响冲击具有显著差异性,高技术行业受到冲击向均衡水平恢复的时间更长,而经常账户冲击对低技术行业影响更大,FDI和证券投资冲击对东部地区影响更大而对中西部地区影响相近,经常账户冲击对东西部地区影响相近而对中部地区影响较弱。     

特朗普政策能否对中国资本项目开放度造成冲击?:理论与实证北大核心CSSCISSCI

中国是国际上少数尚未实现币种自由兑换的大国。2017年唐纳德·特朗普当选新一任美国总统,其三项主张"退出TPP、提高对华关税及指控央行操控汇率"与中国稳健开放资本项目密切相关。文章根据IMF《汇兑安排与汇兑限制年报》并结合特朗普政策,分析了人民币资本项目对外开放的现状和特征,并构建理论模型讨论了特朗普各项政策对资本项目开放性的影响机理,再运用1982~2016年度数据,结合Bayesian-VAR模型实证分析了特朗普政策对我国资本项目开放度长期协整关系和短期影响冲击。研究发现:(1)从退出TPP角度考虑特朗普政策会对人民币资本项目开放度产生正向冲击,而关税提高和汇率指控会对人民币资本项目产生负向冲击;(2)特朗普不同政策对我国不同技术行业和地区的影响冲击具有显著差异性,高技术行业受到冲击向均衡水平恢复的时间更长,而经常账户冲击对低技术行业影响更大,FDI和证券投资冲击对东部地区影响更大而对中西部地区影响相近,经常账户冲击对东西部地区影响相近而对中部地区影响较弱。     

浮动汇率制度有助于经常账户的调节吗?——基于双倍差分法的实证检验

本文运用双倍差分法,分别选择20世纪90年代亚洲金融危机和20世纪70年代布雷顿森林体系的解体两个事件作为"自然实验",实证研究汇率制度与经常账户调节的关系。研究表明,相对于固定汇率制度,浮动汇率制度未能显著地促进经常账户的调节。通过让经常账户盈余国由固定汇率制度调整为浮动汇率制度的做法不会改善全球性经常账户失衡问题。     

中国经济增长中财政与货币政策效应的比较分析

1990年代末，中国政府为推动经济持续、健康发展，制订并实施了积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。哪项政策对经济增长的拉动作用更大？笔者运用计量经济模型进行实证分析，从理论和实践两个层面论证得出近年来财政政策的效应更大。     

政策配合论及其亚洲金融危机后在我国的应用

本文以西方20世纪50年代开始发展起来的政策配合理论为工具，分析了亚洲金融危机后我国政策配合的实践，结合存在的问题提出应让汇率杠杆发挥更大作用，以增强货币政策的自主性，减少对财政政策依赖。     

外贸减速背景下我国政策工具调节效力分析——基于SVAR模型的实证研究

本文运用结构向量自回归SVAR模型,对2003～2011年间我国各项政策工具在调节贸易收支方面的综合效力展开实证分析,并结合理论文献充分阐述各项政策发挥效力的传导机制,力图为中国当前政策搭配决策提供科学的理论与实证依据。本文主要结论是,在调节贸易收支失衡方面,我国货币政策比财政政策更加有效。脉冲响应函数显示,扩张性货币政策能够有效缩小贸易顺差,而且货币政策冲击在10个月后达到最大效力,2年后达到最大累积效力。财政支出扩张对贸易顺差有"先抑制再推动"的作用,但政策效力十分有限。人民币名义汇率的正向冲击能够对贸易收支造成显著的"倒J曲线效应"。与传统观点不同,国内要素价格上调在1年半左右的时间窗口不会抑制反而会扩大贸易盈余。上述实证结论支持在外贸减速背景下继续推进包括工资在内的生产要素价格改革,同时建议货币政策制定时应充分考虑对贸易收支的显著影响。     

中国内外均衡政策搭配研究——基于人民币篮子汇率制度

本文基于人民币篮子汇率制度,采用修正的M—F模型研究了在人民币升值时财政和货币政策的使用效果,得出财政政策的使用效果较货币政策更为明显,搭配使用财政和货币政策比单一运用一项政策的理论结果要好,并可以选择扩张性财政政策搭配紧缩性货币政策或者紧缩性财政政策搭配紧缩性货币政策。     

汇率制度会影响企业的创新行为吗?:来自较高生产率国家的证据

文章根据较高生产率国家的外汇市场实际表现,对这些国家实际采用的汇率制度类型进行了划分,并在此基础上研究了不同的汇率制度类型与该国企业创新之间的关系,以及二者之间的影响机制。同时还考察了不同的资本账户开放程度和国家经济发展程度对二者关系的影响。研究结果发现,相对于其他的汇率制度,有管理的浮动汇率制发挥的创新促进作用最强。对于二者之间影响机制的研究结果发现,不同的汇率制度主要通过对一国企业的经营策略来影响该国企业的创新能力。进一步的研究显示,国家的资本账户开放程度和经济发展程度是制约汇率制度对企业创新产生影响的重要因素,在资本账户开放度和经济发展程度较高的国家,有管理的浮动汇率制度相较于其他汇率制度对创新的促进作用更显著。     

International Monetary and Financial Arrangements: Present and Future

The paper deals with a broad range of topics under the rubric of the international monetary system: exchange rate agreements, International Monetary Fund structure, history and functioning of the European Monetary Union, monetary and fiscal policies adopted in recent years by different countries, with a special emphasis on central bank independence and inflation control, capital flows and cross-border assets growth and their influence on financial stability, and policy proposals to enhance financial stability. With more than four-fifths of world trade conducted under managed or full flexibility the present system can be regarded more as a flexible than a fixed exchange rate regime. EMU is a major institutional innovation; while its economic benefits have been amply discussed and perhaps exaggerated, the economic costs seem to have been underestimated. Financial liberalization has resulted in huge benefits to savers and borrowers as capital has tended to flow to its most productive uses around the world, but it has also led to fears that this has sharply reduced the effectiveness of monetary policy. This liberalization imposes a constraint on monetary policy in the sense that it forces a much higher degree of economic convergence than was true before.     

数量型还是价格型货币政策比较——基于利率市场化角度的分析

利率市场化进程中,数量型还是价格型货币政策合适?文章考虑金融市场上的金融加速器特征,将其引入DSGE模型,通过校准、模拟,从宏观经济波动幅度、不同货币政策下冲击效应以及福利损失函数三方面综合分析了利率市场化过程中数量型和价格型货币政策有效性问题。研究结果显示,随着存款利率的上升,在熨平经济波动方面,价格型货币政策更有优势;在促进经济增长方面,数量型货币政策更有优势;对央行损失而言,价格型货币政策的损失更小。因此,中央银行应根据需要灵活的运用数量型和货币型搭配使用,做好数量型向价格型转变。     

Devaluation and monetary policy with import compression

The consequences of exchange rate and monetary policies are investigated under two foreign exchange regimes. The analysis is motivated by the experiences in sub-Saharan Africa. The supply side of the open economy model developed by Buffle (1986) is modified to take into account the import dependency of the region. In the first regime, with endogenous foreign savings, overvalued exchange rate and expansionary monetary policy tend to increase the current account deficit. In the second regime, when intermediate imports are rationed to handle the foreign exchange shortage, overvaluation and monetary expansion are shown to be likely sources of output contraction. The cost of policy reorientation is reduced investment.     

Additional evidence on monetary base and interest rate linkages in the EMS

Conclusion This note has examined interest rate and monetary base linkages within the EMS. Cointegration tests suggest the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between German and other EMS interest rates and German and other EMS country monetary bases in a number of cases. Bivariate VAR analysis suggested that Granger causality with respect to EMS interest rate linkages stemmed either from German to European markets or was bi-directional and that the monetary base linkages were overwhelmingly bi-directional. When allowance is made for the influence of US monetary policy developments, the pattern of Granger causality within the EMS is predominantly bi-directional. These findings may be attributable to integrated financial markets and the discipline of a formal exchange rate mechanism. Thus, our results fail to support the hypothesis that German monetary policy plays a dominant and independent role within the EMS. Rather, they suggest that monetary policies in the EMS mainly respond to each other and, to a very limited extent, to developments in US monetary policy.     

Direct and Spillover Effects of Unconventional Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies

This paper explores the direct effects and spillovers of unconventional monetary and exchange rate policies. We find that official purchases of foreign assets have a large positive effect on a country’s current account that diminishes considerably as capital mobility rises. There is an important additional effect through the lagged stock of official assets. Official purchases of domestic assets, or quantitative easing (QE), appear to have no significant effect on a country’s current account when capital mobility is high, but there is a modest positive impact when capital mobility is low. The effects of purchases of foreign assets spill over to other countries in proportion to their degree of international financial integration. We also find that increases in US bond yields are associated with increases in foreign bond yields and in stock prices, as well as with depreciations of foreign currencies, but that all of these effects are smaller on days of US unconventional monetary policy announcements. We develop a theoretical model that is broadly consistent with our empirical results and that highlights the potential usefulness of domestic unconventional policies as responses to the effects of foreign policies of a similar type.     

Monetary Policy Impulses and Retail Interest Rate Pass‐Through in Asian Banking Markets

This paper considers the integration of financial markets and mutual influences of monetary policies in the USA and Asia based on monthly data from 1994 to 2007. We used panel‐type and time‐series and quantile panel‐type error correction models to test the influences of expected and unexpected monetary policy impulses on the interest rate pass‐through mechanism in the financial markets of 9 Asian countries and the USA. The empirics show that if interest rate integration exists in the financial markets, the following effects are observed: (i) positive impulses of unexpected monetary policy will lead to an increase in the long‐run multiplier of the retail interest rate; (ii) the adjustment of retail interest rates with short‐run disequilibrium will lead to an increase in the long‐run markup; and (iii) the empirical results of quantile regression prove that when the interest variation is greater than the 0.5th quantile and unexpected monetary policy impulses are greater than the expected monetary policy impulses, the short‐run interest rate pass‐through mechanism becomes more unstable.     

Monetary policy transmission and macroeconomic policy coordination in Pacific island countries

During the global financial crisis, central banks in Pacific island countries eased monetary policy to stimulate economic activity. Judging by the ensuing movements in commercial bank interest rates and private sector credit, monetary policy transmission appears to be weak. This is confirmed by an empirical examination of interest rate pass‐through and credit growth. Weak credit demand and under‐developed financial markets seem to have limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, but the inflexibility of exchange rates and rising real interest rates have also served to frustrate the central banks' efforts despite a supporting fiscal policy. While highlighting the importance of developing domestic financial markets in the long run, this experience also points to the need to coordinate macroeconomic policies and to use all macroeconomic tools available in conducting countercyclical policies, including exchange rate flexibility.     

Surfing the waves of globalization: Asia and financial globalization in the context of the trilemma

Using the “trilemma indexes” developed by Aizenman et al. (2010) that measure the extent of achievement in each of the three policy goals in the trilemma—monetary independence, exchange rate stability, and financial openness—we examine how policy configurations affect macroeconomic performances, with focus on the Asian economies. We find that the three policy choices matter for output volatility and the medium-term level of inflation. Greater monetary independence is associated with lower output volatility while greater exchange rate stability implies greater output volatility, which can be mitigated if a country holds international reserves (IR) at a level higher than a threshold (about 20% of GDP). Greater monetary autonomy is associated with a higher level of inflation while greater exchange rate stability and greater financial openness could lower the inflation rate. We find that trilemma policy configurations affect output volatility through the investment or trade channel depending on the openness of the economies. Our results indicate that policy makers in a more open economy would prefer pursuing greater exchange rate stability while holding a massive amount of IR. Asian emerging market economies are found to be equipped with macroeconomic policy configurations that help the economies to dampen the volatility of the real exchange rate. These economies’ sizeable amount of IR holding appears to enhance the stabilizing effect of the trilemma policy choices, and this may help explain the recent phenomenal buildup of IR in the region.     

Interest Rates, Leverage, and Money

The current mainstream approach to monetary policy is based on the New Keynesian model and is expressed in terms of a short-term nominal interest, such as the federal funds rate in the United States. It ignores the role of leverage and also downplays the role of money in basic monetary theory and monetary policy analysis. But as the federal funds rate has reached the zero lower bound and the Federal Reserve is in a liquidity trap, the issue is whether there is a useful role of leverage and monetary aggregates in monetary policy and business cycle analysis. We address these issues and argue that there is a need for financial stability policies to manage the leverage cycle and reduce the procyclicality of the financial system. We also argue that in the aftermath of the global financial crisis and Great Contraction there is a need to get away from the New Keynesian thinking and back toward a quantity theory approach to monetary policy, based on properly measured monetary aggregates, such as the new Center for Financial Stability Divisia monetary aggregates.     

紧缩货币政策下商业银行缓释信贷规模压力工具研究

2011年,国家多次运用货币政策工具控制货币和信贷增长速度,实现对通货膨胀预期的管理。通过调高金融机构存款准备金率收缩银行信贷规模,商业银行在执行货币政策和谋发展上面临挑战。文章通过研究紧缩货币政策下缓释商业银行信贷规模压力的工具,达到维稳银行大客户的目的。