国际贸易对我国收入分配的影响——基于基尼系数的实证分析

本文引入多因素实证研究了1987-2005年贸易对我国收入分配的影响,同时检验了H-O理论和SS定理在我国的适用性,结论如下:(1)贸易扩大总体上对我国收入不平等起到了改善效果;(2)出口改善收入分配的效果比进口更加显著;(3)制成品出口比重增加对收入分配产生显著的改善效应;(4)制成品进口比重下降可能恶化收入分配。检验结果显示出贸易对我国收入分配的影响比较复杂,不能简单地用包括H-O理论在内的某个贸易理论来解释,必须结合我国对外贸易的发展过程和特色。在深入剖析贸易影响我国收入分配的机制后,本文提出了相关贸易政策建议。     

中国出口商品结构与居民收入差距实证研究

运用我国1980年～2009年初级产品出口、工业制成品出口和收入差距的统计数据,对出口商品结构与居民收入差距的相互作用进行分析表明:出口商品结构是造成居民收入差距的格兰杰原因,但两者之间不存在双向因果关系,并提出了相关政策建议。     

收入不平等与最优个人所得税-转移支付再分配系统

本文构建了个人所得税、转移支付以及个人所得税-转移支付系统对于居民收入不平等的实际、最优和最大效应指标。运用中国省份数据分析,发现中国个人所得税正在加速恶化居民收入不平等,并且在对收入不平等的影响中发挥主要作用;转移支付对收入不平等有一定的抑制作用,但力量较弱,而且离最优指标"要求"越来越远;个人所得税-转移支付系统加剧了收入不平等,并且加剧程度越来越严重,最后提出了相应的政策建议。     

货币政策的分配效应研究——基于异质性家庭视角

货币政策不仅是应对突发冲击、在短期内迅速实现经济复苏的政策工具,而且具有调节收入分配的功效。通过将异质性家庭和货币政策引入动态随机一般均衡分析框架,文章考察了扩张性货币政策的分配效应。研究发现,降息不仅能够促进李嘉图和经验规则式家庭的消费和就业,而且有助于降低消费不平等和收入不平等。与不考虑不平等因素的货币政策规则相比,考虑消费不平等和收入不平等的拓展规则引致的社会福利损失显著降低。因此,在制定和执行货币政策规则时,不仅应当考虑家庭的异质性,而且应当考虑可能的消费不平等与收入不平等。     

The impact of monetary and tax policy on income inequality in Japan

This paper assesses the effects of the most recent monetary policy behaviour of the Bank of Japan (in particular, zero interest rate policy and negative interest rate policy) and Japanese tax policy on income inequality in this country during the period of 2002Q1 to 2017Q3. The vector error correction model (VECM) that develops in this research shows that increase in money stock (m1) through Quantitative Easing (QE) and Quantitative and Qualitative Easing (QQE) policies of the BOJ significantly increases the income inequality. On the contrary, Japanese tax policy was effective in reducing the income inequality. Variance decomposition results show that increasing of income inequality by monetary policy is larger when comparing to decreasing effects of tax policy on income inequality. Cointegration and VECM results show that monetary policy has both short-run and long-run impacts but for tax policy paper could not find any significant short-run impact on income inequality. In addition, paper found that technological progress only in long-run can reduce the income inequality by increasing the marginal productivity of labour with positive impacts on employment and wages.     

贸易对收入分配影响研究的最新进展及其评论

随着近年来保护贸易的盛行与收入差距持续扩大,国际贸易对收入分配的影响成为国际经济学领域的研究热点。本文从国际贸易对一国整体收入水平以及国内收入差距的影响两个角度介绍了近年来这方面理论的最新进展及趋势。尽管各理论分析角度、模型设计以及数据运用各不相同,但结论趋于一致,即自由贸易会带来一国整体收入的提高,但也会导致收入差距的扩大,因此保护贸易政策会损害到一国整体福利,自由贸易导致收入差距的扩大可通过适当国内再分配政策进行调节。     

技术创新、市场分割与收入不平等——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

基于1998—2017年中国省级面板数据，分析了省级层面收入不平等程度及其影响因素，重点研究了技术创新和市场分割对收入不平等的作用。研究结果显示，样本期内基尼系数总体水平较高，呈现出了先上升后下降的走势。地区收入差距与技术创新之间存在U型关系，当前“知识溢出”效应超过了“技能溢价”效应，创新水平的提高将有助于缩小地区收入差距；市场分割不仅会加剧地区收入不平等，还会通过阻碍技术创新间接弱化创新对收入差距的缓解作用。地区收入不平等与经济发展水平之间存在倒U型关系，贸易依存度、人均受教育年限和人均社会保障支出的提高有助于缩小地区收入差距，工业化率的提高则会加剧地区收入差距，财政支出对地区收入差距的作用不明显；动态面板模型的研究结果表明，地区收入差距具有惯性特征。最后，基于研究结论，给出了有针对性的政策建议。     

Temporal changes in income distribution among the states of America during the 1980s

Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of variations in selected factors on the change in interstate distribution of household income during the 1980s. The results indicate that the percentage change in the female labour force's participation as well as the state unemployment rate had statistically significant effects on the percentage increase change in the Gini measure of income inequality.     

Relative Intragenerational Economic Mobility: A Cross-Period Analysis from 1968 to 2009

Recent debate about income inequality has occurred with good reason, as changes in income inequality are critically important for long-term economic prosperity, business profitability, and particularly for the quality and accessibility of labor in the market today. However, what is equally important and less discussed is economic mobility, or the capacity of an individual or a family to improve their financial standing, specifically as it relates to income and wealth. In this paper, we examine statistics on economic mobility in the United States. Our findings suggest that while economic mobility still exists, the likelihood of a household making a large jump out of poverty and into wealth declined from 1999 to 2009. The message of our findings to policymakers is that, rather than a redistribution of wealth from the top of the income distribution to the bottom, what is really needed is broader access to affordable education, better essential nutrition, more stable early childhood development experiences, and basic financial literacy training for all income groups.     

中国式分权、转移支付与居民收入不平等

本文首先采用基尼系数对我国城乡、城镇和农村居民收入不平等程度进行重新测度,然后以政府转移支付为门限变量建立面板门限回归模型,对财政收支分权与居民收入不平等之间关系进行实证检验,结果发现:一是财政收入分权与收入不平等显著负相关,财政支出分权与收入不平等显著正相关;二是财政收支分权对不同类型收入不平等的作用效果存在较大差异.其中,无论是财政收入分权抑或支出分权对收入不平等的政策效应大小依次是城镇居民＞农村居民＞总体居民;三是政府转移支付在不同区制对居民收入不平等的影响呈现显著地非线性特征.即从相对较低的第一区制跨入较高的第二区制时,转移支付对居民收入不平等的影响由负转变为正.本文以上研究结论不仅对于全面构建央地新型政府间财政关系,还可以为促进公平收入分配提供理论依据与决策参考.     

我国收入分配差距及个人所得税调节作用的实证分析

本文通过计算我国城镇居民税前收入、税后收入和税收收入的基尼系数，计算各个收入阶层的平均税率及建立计量经济模型等多角度分析了个人所得税对城镇居民收入分配差距的调节作用。最后得出结论：目前我国收入分配差距仍呈扩大趋势，但没达到两极分化的程度，2002年以来个人所得税逐渐发挥对收入分配差距的调节作用。对高收入阶层课以重税，同时增加低收入阶层的可支配收入，是改善目前收入分配不平等状况行之有效的措施，税收政策和其他社会保障的收入分配政策相结合，可以对缩小收入分配差距，建立社会主义和谐社会起到更大的作用。     

Einkommens- und Vermögensverteilung — zu ungleich?

The distribution of income and wealth in Germany grew increasingly unequal until the beginning of the financial crisis. But inequality has not risen in either Germany or Switzerland since 2005. Nevertheless, Germans overestimate inequality. The German gap between reality and perception of inequality is important to investigate, as the subjective assessment of inequality influences redistribution preferences. Rising inequality may damage social stability and democracy, but it is unclear whether economists are able to assess a “proper and just” distribution. Interdependencies are discussed: Does a more equal distribution create negative effects on economic growth? How does Germany rank internationally with regard to distribution? Social mobility rates differ substantially across countries; what are the implications for economic policy?     

收入再分配的消费效应:理论及中国例证

调整收入分配和扩大消费需求是当前的两大热点话题。基于后凯恩斯主义消费理论实证检验改革开放以来二元经济结构下收入再分配影响消费的作用机制。研究结果表明,尽管在全国层面上居民收入差距的扩大显著地制约着居民消费需求,但在其内部结构上城镇居民收入分配差距对其消费需求有着较强的负面影响,城乡收入差距对居民消费的影响次之,农村居民收入分配差距对其消费需求的影响并不显著。根据实证结果提出收入再分配调整的相应政策建议。     

The Role of Income Distribution in the Diffusion of Corporate Social Responsibility

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) growth and income distribution. We present a general equilibrium model where social responsibility enters both firms' and consumers' decisions. At equilibrium, different degrees of CSR diffusion may arise. We study the conditions under which there exists a virtuous circle which ties increases in the diffusion of CSR to reductions in income inequality. Under certain circumstances, any policy which promotes CSR diffusion induces a reduction in income inequality. By contrast, when such conditions are not satisfied, only redistributive policies may generate the virtuous circle.     

Labor versus capital in trade-policy: The role of ideology and inequality

Trade policy depends on the extent to which the government wants to redistribute income as well as on a country's overall factor endowments and their distribution. While the government's desire to redistribute income itself is dependent on asset distribution, it is to a large extent also driven by the partisan nature of the government, i.e., whether it is pro-labor or pro-capital. Using cross-country data on factor endowments, inequality and government orientation, we find that, conditional on inequality, left-wing (pro-labor) governments will adopt more protectionist trade policies in capital-rich countries, but adopt more pro-trade policies in labor-rich economies than right-wing (pro-capital) ones. Also, holding government orientation constant, higher inequality is associated with higher protection in capital-abundant countries while it is associated with lower protection in labor-abundant countries. These results are consistent with the simultaneous presence of both inequality as well as ideology as determinants of protection within a two-factor, two-sector Heckscher-Ohlin framework. Overall, various statistical tests support an umbrella model (that combines both the ideology and inequality models) over each of the individual models.     

未被观测经济与居民收入不平等——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

未被观测经济（NOE）对经济发展具有诸多影响,但对居民收入不平等的影响尚未引起足够重视。文章基于动态均衡解的劳动报酬模型得到,随着NOE规模扩大,收入不平等程度（即劳动者从事NOE部门的报酬与从事可观测部门的报酬之差）呈现单调递增的变化过程,但边际变化率先增后减。当考虑劳动者决策的随机动态调整因素时,NOE规模与收入不平等之间存在高低两个动态变化均衡点。在该模型基础上,基于2000-2010年中国省级面板数据,证实了NOE规模与居民收入不平等之间存在显著正向影响关系,人力资本水平、市场化程度和腐败水平也与居民收入不平等呈正向影响关系,而城市化水平则呈较显著的负向影响关系。基于实证结果,提出了相关的政策建议,并对未来研究方向进行展望。     

我国教育不平等与收入分配差距扩大的动态研究——一项基于各地区教育基尼系数的实证

以教育基尼系数作为刻画教育不平等的指标,选取相关省级面板数据,采用固定效应变截距模型,对我国教育不平等与收入分配差距扩大的关系进行动态研究发现：我国教育不平等与收入分配差距显著正相关．教育不平等每上升1个百分点,收入分配差距将扩大0．412～0．618个百分点,并且,随着时间的推移,教育不平等对收入分配差距的影响越来越大;同时,随着平均受教育年限的延长,我国收入分配差距不仅没有缩小反而在不断扩大。因此,政府应加大教育投入,提高教育资源利用率,发展高级人才市场。以缩小由于教育不平等导致的收分配差距扩大。     

Wealth and Income Inequality: An Economic and Ethical Analysis

I perform an economic and ethical analysis on wealth and income inequality. Economists have performed many statistical studies that reveal a number of, often contradictory, findings in connection with the distribution of wealth and income. Hence, the statistical findings leave us with no better knowledge of the effects that inequality has on economic progress. At the same time, the existing theoretical results have not provided us with a definitive answer concerning the effects of inequality on progress. By gaining knowledge of the nature of inequality, and bringing basic economic principles to bear on the subject, we can come to an understanding of what the causal relationship is between inequality and economic progress. Furthermore, I apply a new theory of ethics – rational egoism – to assess economic inequality. I show that, in the right context, economic inequality is both economically and morally desirable.     

Timing of trade liberalization

Abstract

This paper studies the effects of trade liberalization on growth and long-run global income inequality using a two-country model of human capital accumulation by credit-constrained households. I show that the timing of trade liberalization is a crucial determinant of its effects on growth. Moreover, I show that the size of the long-run income gap between the two countries depends on the difference in domestic income inequality when they open up to trade. Based on these results, I analyze the effects of redistributive policy within a country. I show that redistribution in one country may increase income per capita of its trading partner if it is undertaken in a steady state, while the opposite is true if the policy is undertaken during transition.     

贸易与中国收入不平等的计量检验

改革开放以来,基尼系数基本上升的变动趋势表明中国收入差距日益扩大。检验贸易与中国收入不平等的关系,得出如下结论:贸易扩大总体上对中国收入不平等起到了改善效果;出口改善收入分配的效果比进口更加显著;制成品出口比重增加对收入分配产生显著的改善效应;制成品进口比重下降可能恶化收入分配。可见,贸易对中国收入分配的影响比较复杂,不能简单地用包括H—O理论在内的某个贸易理论来解释。有利于缩小收入差距的贸易政策,必须结合中国对外贸易的发展过程和特色。