New Political Economy

Alberto Alesina and Nouriel Roubini with Gerald D. Cohen, Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy
Avinash K. Dixit, The Making of Economic Policy: A Transaction-Cost Politics Perspective.
Gordon Pepper, Inside Thatcher's Monetarist Revolution     

Limited-dependent rational expectations models with future expectations

This paper examines limited-dependent rational expectations (LD-RE) models containing future expectations of the dependent variable. Limited dependence is of a two-limit tobit variety which may, for example, arise as a result of a policy of imposing limits on the movement of the dependent variable by means of marginal as well as intramarginal interventions. We show that when the forcing variables are serially independent the model has an analytical solution which can be computed by backward recursion. With serially correlated forcing variables, we discuss an approximate solution method, as well as a numerically exact method that, in principle, can be implemented by stochastic simulation, although in practice it is limited by available computational capacity. The paper discusses some properties of the approximate solutions and reports the results of a limited number of Monte Carlo experiments in order to illustrate the computational feasibility of using the exact solution when the fundamentals are serially independent and the approximate solution when they are serially correlated.     

A Jump-diffusion Model for Exchange Rates in a Target Zone

We propose a simple jump-diffusion model for an exchange rate target zone. The model captures most stylized facts from the existing target zone models while remaining analytically tractable. The model is based on a modified two-limit version of the C OX , I NGERSOLL and R OSS (1985) model. In the model the exchange rate is kept within the band because the variance decreases as the exchange rate approaches the upper or lower limits of the band. We also consider an extension of the model with parity adjustments, which are modeled as Poisson jumps. Estimation of the model is by GMM based on conditional moments. We derive prices of currency options in our model, assuming that realignment jump risk is idiosyncratic. Throughout, we apply the theory to EMS exchange rate data. We show that, after the EMS crisis of 1993, currencies remain in an implicit target zone which is narrower than the officially announced target zones.     

The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on International Trade Flows

Despite the best efforts of economists, a basic paradox as to the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows remains unresolved at both the theoretical and empirical level. This paper surveys the vast literature in the area in an attempt to identify major issues which have contributed to the development of the debate and examine whether any general direction for consensus may be found.     

EXCHANGE RATE TARGET ZONES: A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE

This work selectively reviews the literature on exchange rate target zones and their theoretical and empirical methodologies and examines whether they can be used to clarify to what extent this type of exchange rate regime could contribute to greater exchange rate stability. We discuss the main contributions of the first and second generations of exchange rate target zone models. In an attempt to reconcile the poor empirical performance of the Krugman model with the reality of exchange rate target zone regimes, this line of research integrates target zones with alternative underlying economic models, such as imperfect credibility, intra‐marginal interventions and sticky price models. It was thus possible to understand the correlations observed between the exchange rate, its fundamentals determinants and the interest rate differential, and to explain the fact that the statistical distribution of the exchange rate is hump shaped rather than U shaped. This implies that the initial emphasis of target zone models on nonlinearities, ‘honeymoon effect’, ‘smooth pasting’ and marginal interventions has vanished. Exchange rate target zones are better described as similar to managed floating regimes with intra‐marginal interventions, with some marginal interventions when the exchange rate reaches the edges of the floating band.     

人民币汇率VS中美经贸关系

近十年,尤其金融危机后,人民币汇率一直是中美经贸摩擦的焦点之一。进入2010年以来,美方更是一直在喋喋不休,督促人民币升值。美国为何一直抓住人民币汇率问题不放?人民币汇率真的是影响中美双边贸易的核心问题吗?本文通过研究中美人民币汇率之争,探寻美国逼迫人民币升值的真实原因,分析人民币汇率改革对中美经济贸易的影响,建议中美双方理性认识人民币汇改与中美贸易关系问题,积极推进中美经贸稳定发展。     

货币替代和反替代对我国汇率影响的实证研究

货币替代和反替代会影响一国汇率政策的有效性和汇率的决定.我国目前货币替代和货币反替代并存,其中货币替代的程度呈现不断下降的趋势,而货币反替代的程度则不断增强.选取2001Q1-2011Q4之间的相关数据为研究样本,通过构建包含货币替代和货币反替代的粘性价格货币模型,实证检验了我国货币替代和货币反替代对人民币汇率的影响程度.结果发现:货币替代和货币反替代都会影响到我国的汇率,进而会降低我国汇率政策的有效性,但货币反替代的影响更加强烈.     

人民币汇率增加弹性和参考一篮子货币汇率形成机制研究

在央行货币政策目标下,可以确定最优汇率水平及汇率水平的调整。我国外汇体制改革要建立以市场供求为基础的,参考一篮子货币的有管理的浮动汇率制度,央行的汇率目标应由人民币对美元稳定转变为参考人民币有效汇率目标,确保人民币币值的总体水平稳定。实际上,参考篮子货币,人民币对美元汇率的弹性将显著增加。央行应逐步放宽人民币对美元和非美元货币的波动幅度,人民币汇率最终将由市场供求来决定,发挥汇率配置资源的基础作用。     

人民币实际汇率失调与中国国际竞争力

本文首先测算了1994年第一季度到2005年第二季度的人民币均衡实际汇率及人民币实际汇率的失调程度,然后考察了这一时期人民币实际汇率失调与中国国际竞争力之间的关系。通过研究发现:这一时期的人民币实际汇率失调与中国国际竞争力之间存在负相关关系,并且人民币实际汇率失调是导致中国国际竞争力变化的格兰杰原因,具体来说,人民币实际汇率高估会导致中国国际竞争力下降。     

基于利率平价理论视角研究人民币汇率问题

贸易顺差会导致汇率升值,这是许多人从西方经济学理论中得到的认识。随着我国的外贸连年顺差、外汇储备不断扩大,大量的外贸顺差和外汇储备使得外汇市场上人民币升值压力很大,人民币汇率成为全球瞩目的焦点。近年来西方政界与学术界屡屡以中国贸易顺差为由要挟人民币升值。而实际是欧美人以所谓的"全球经济再平衡"为幌子想要中国通过让人民币进一步升值来为金融危机买更多单。然而人民币是否真正存在升值压力,我们通过实际测算一下来得出结论。本文依据利率平价理论,构造出一种估计货币汇率升值或贬值压力的方法,并运用升值压力指标对人民币对美元汇率变动进行了检验,得出人民币对美元确实存在升值压力。     

估算汇率弹性的模型和对人民币汇率的实证分析

人民币汇率制度改革的主要内容之一是为人民币汇率估算一个适度的弹性范围。本文在F-M模型的基础上构建了一个能够较好地拟合我国实际情况的汇率弹性估算模型,并利用这个模型对人民币汇率的弹性进行了实证分析。该模型没有将汇率制度进行机械的分类,而是将不同汇率制度下汇率的弹性看作是从0～1的连续分布。实证分析的结果是人民币汇率的弹性范围应该限定在围绕均衡汇率上下浮动12％以内。     

人民币实际汇率决定因素及其失衡度实证研究

实际汇率决定因素的合理选择是进行汇率失衡度判断的前提,然而从现有研究来看,对这一问题的研究尚显不足。本文在相关研究的基础上,对人民币实际汇率决定因素进行了系统地梳理,并在此基础上对人民币实际汇率失衡度进行了计算,结果表明,人民币实际汇率近年来低估程度不大,随后证明了本文结论的合理性。     

货币政策的粘性均衡汇率效应模型及人民币汇率定价的弹性分析

本文以开放的宏观经济为框架、以厂商利润最大化为微观经济基础、以严格的数学推导为逻辑纽带、以粘性价格为理论依据、以购买力平价的微分冲击形式为理论基础，提出并构建了两国货币政策的粘性均衡汇率效应模型。应用模型，本文对1992～2002年的人民币粘性均衡汇率进行了定价，并对2003年的定价进行了预测。以定价汇率及其预测为标准，对1992～2003年的人民币汇率偏离与经常性项目的关系，进行了弹性分析。根据模型与实证分析，获得了一些重要结论。     

资本管制有效性与中国汇率制度改革

本文在利率平价框架下考察了近十年中国资本管制的效力。我们采用比较类似金融工具在国内外市场的收益率、检验未抛补利率平价理论偏差的平稳性两种方法进行分析。研究表明,尽管资本管制的效力随时间推移有所下降,但境内外美元利差的持续存在以及未抛补利率平价理论偏差的非平稳性仍然足以证明中国的资本管制基本有效。资本管制的有效性在盯住制框架下确保了汇率稳定和一定的货币政策自主性,并且使未来汇率制度弹性化改革可以渐进地推进。     

中、美、日实际均衡汇率模型的构建及实证研究

本文基于BEKK-MGARCH模型建立了中、美、日三国的实际均衡汇率方程和方差方程,对1994年以来中国、美国和日本的实际均衡汇率及其波动溢出效应进行了深入细致的分析。结果表明:三个国家的实际均衡汇率受其经济基本面因素的影响不同,人民币实际均衡汇率还受到了美元和日元实际汇率的影响;中美、中日、美日之间的联动关系存在显著的ARCH和GARCH效应。     

The impact of offshore exchange rate expectations on onshore exchange rates: The case of Chinese RMB

This paper examines the impact of offshore RMB exchange rate expectations on onshore RMB (CNY) exchange rates. Employing data for the period of 2005–2018, we show that overall offshore market expectations influence onshore RMB rates, but this effect is significant only for the period after the “Second exchange rate regime reform” in 2010. The non-uniform nature of this impact is also confirmed by the existence of a threshold effect of the expectations in the same period. The study improves our understanding of how the offshore RMB market influences onshore RMB spot rates as a result of the marketization reform of the RMB exchange rate regime.     

人民币汇率变动的贸易效应——基于分国别(地区)面板数据的分析

中国对不同国家(地区),特别是亚洲国家(地区)和西欧国家(地区)的贸易结构的差异很大,人民币汇率(双边)对贸易(双边)的影响也不相同。本文从分国别(地区)视角,通过建立面板数据模型,实证检验了人民币汇率(实际有效汇率)变动对中国同主要贸易伙伴之间贸易的影响。本文还选择分国别(地区)的初级产品和工业制品两种不同类型贸易数据,进一步揭示了汇率对不同国别(地区)不同贸易类型的影响。     

The currency denomination of external European Union imports after European Union expansion

Using a multiple market model I examine the impact of euro expansion on the optimal currency denomination of external EU imports. Results suggest euro invoicing will increase more in the EU-expansion country than in the original EU. Exporting firms from dollar bloc countries (the U.S. or countries with fixed exchange rates with the dollar) are more likely to invoice in the euro if price discrimination is already optimal. Firms from outside the dollar bloc are more likely to use the euro when the original EU market is relatively large or transaction costs of exchanging the euro are relatively small.     

汇率调整对外商直接投资的影响——基于理论和实证的研究

本文基于市场导向和成本导向两类外商直接投资，建立了两个汇率影响理论模型，并证明对这两类直接投资，汇率变动会有不同的影响，人民币升值将会促进市场导向型直接投资、抑制成本导向型直接投资。并对日、关两国对中国直接投资进行实证检验，得到与理论相符的结论。构造了直接投资总体实证模型，分析了汇率变化对直接投资总额的影响，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

中国汇率制度改革初探

中国在世界经济中举足轻重的地位决定我国的汇率制度改革会受到多方关注。本文基于中国汇率制度改革的进程和中国政府在汇率改革中的作用,通过对一些金融危机研究的分析,认为适用更宽的汇率浮动区间也许是中国当前汇率制度改革较好的选择。