WTO规则与经济特区发展——从制度兼容与经济绩效谈起

正式制度与非正式制度存在着相互兼容和不兼容的双重可能性。在两者兼容的情况下,经济运行所需的交易成本较低,经济绩效相应较高;反之则相反。而且,两者由于各自变化机制的不同,在经济体制的变迁过程中同样存在着不兼容性。加入WTO后,WTO规则与经济特区的原有正式制度和非正式制度亦存在着上述情况。按WTO规则的要求安排经济特区制度,强化制度的兼容性,可以保持经济特区的高绩效。     

从长波关系看加入WTO后的我国经济

各国经济间的相互关系及其变化，是由各自所处长波的相对位置决定的。从长波关系看，西方发达国家已进入新的长波，而我国则处在旧长波上升期的中间，两者的发展差距近３０年。这种长波关系是我国改革开放以来取得良好经济发展成绩的主要原因之一，但也使我国经济发展的外部条件正日趋恶化。当前我国经济发展是机遇与挑战并存。从长波关系看，加入ＷＴＯ虽有短期利益，但处理不当，会牺牲长期利益。     

WTO是推动中国经济跃上新平台的助动器

举国期盼的“入世”成为现实，国人为之振奋，我国经济跃上新平台有了助动器。但是助动器，毕竟只是外力推动，还不是内力推动。要将外力转化为内力，实现内外合力推动，尚有一段艰巨的任务需完成。国人不久便会发现，入世之后我们面临的最关键的命题是观念更新，最紧迫的任务是政府职能转变，最激烈的竞争是人才之争，最繁重的任务是构建国家统一而有效的市场体系。这些本是我国实现构建社会主义市场经济体制战略目标所赋予的自主政策和任务，但由于改革缺乏外力推动而失去了良好时机。相对说，十五年来，我们对入世期盼有余，准备不足，还没有形成“万事俱备，只欠东风”局面。     

从世界工厂到世界经济强国——WTO背景下品牌建设的战略影响

女士们、先生们：感谢组委会能够邀请我参加这个重要的研讨会。我想谈一些问题,首先涉及中国商标、WTO的规则及对中国的影响,其次是TRIPS协议中关于商标的问题,最后是中国面临的挑战。第一,谈一些基本的观点。中国市场的规模是很大的,     

从两极结构到多元结构--中国转型经济学的基本范式

中国第一次被动型工业化和外生型城市化形成了无主权状况下畸形的“两极结构”，建国后第二次赶超型工业化和限制型城市化则形成了有主状况下倾斜的“两极结构”。“两极结构”巳成为中国转型前的历史结构，为了突破“两极结构”的束缚，中国在改革开放后的第三次工业化和城市化中开始构建“多元结构”。“多元结构”是中国转型过程中的现实结构。     

论经济和谐的内涵及其标志--从社会和谐与经济和谐的关系谈起

本文首先分析了经济和谐与社会和谐的关系以及经济和谐存在的客观性,为经济和谐问题确立探讨空间,继而从中国古代典籍和马克思主义社会观结合的角度探讨了经济和谐的含义与层次,最后确定了微观经济与宏观经济和谐的主要标志。     

从发展外向型经济到经济国际化的转型探--以江苏省无锡市为例

外向型经济是衡量经济国际化水平和企业国际竞争力的重要标志，对区域发展理念的拓展提升具有重要意义。文章以江苏省无锡市为例，对如何实现从外向型经济到经济国际化的转变，转变的路径、转变的经验进行了阐述，并对今后应采取的相关措施提出了建议。     

分工经济思想的发展--从亚当·斯密到新兴古典经济学

亚当@斯密以来,分工在经济学中的地位经历了好比"否定之否定"的发展过程,本文是对这一发展过程的初步梳理.分工是报酬递增的重要源泉;分工是组织结构问题;决策在分工条件下需要有求角点解的方法.分工在经济学中地位的变化取决于理论家们如何对待报酬递增与经济组织问题,受制于分析方法的发展.     

经济紧缩压力的长期性--从物价指数到增长模式的视角

在给出经济紧缩的初步证据之后,文章从两种物价指数的背离入手,分析了实体经济中产业结构的不同特征,并最终追溯到经济增长模式,找到导致经济长期面临紧缩压力的根源。经济紧缩的压力从上世纪90年代中期以来就持续存在,它本质上是高储蓄高投资的增长模式在宏观经济层面上的表征。     

The transition to an oil contraction economy

A normative analysis of the problem of optimal extraction of a nonrenewable resource is considered. The economy depends on the essential nonrenewable resource and the rate of the resource extraction is increasing over time. At some point the government gradually switches to a sustainable (in sense of non-decreasing consumption over time) pattern of the resource extraction. Different approaches are offered for the construction of the paths of switching to decreasing resource use. Some seemingly attractive short-run policies of switching to decreasing extraction can run counter to long-run criteria. If we consider the maximin principle, applied to the negative shock on the output percent change, as the short-run criterion, then the optimal transition path can be consistent with the long-run government goals. It is shown analytically and numerically that there are values of parameters for the transition paths of extraction that consumption along these paths is asymptotically constant or infinitely growing. A new approach to the Rawlsian maximin criterion which allows for growth of consumption is offered.     

The Incentive to Discriminate by a Vertically-Integrated Regulated Firm: A Reply

In Weisman (1995), I construct a model to investigate the incentives of a vertically-integrated regulated firm to discriminate against downstream rivals. This model suggests that the RBOCs do not have the same incentives to discriminate as AT&T prior to divestiture. Reiffen (1998) questions this and other conclusions. This reply addresses his claims.     

Regulated Competition under Increasing Returns to Scale

In the classical models of regulation economics, a mechanism that secures truthful revelation involves paying a subsidy to the firm. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to create a regulatory mechanism under a no‐subsidy constraint that induces the firm to report its private information truthfully. We consider a number of firms operating under regulated competition and with increasing returns to scale technology. It is shown that in equilibrium each firm chooses to report truthfully without receiving any subsidy. The use of competition may give rise to an efficiency loss due to the increasing returns to scale. However, we show that our mechanism may still be better, from a social welfare point of view, than the case of monopoly regulation that involves no subsidy.     

The service economy revisited

This article, after a critical appraisal of the main definitions of services in economics, proposes a concept of services based on process analysis. The new concept is used for a constructive purpose, to support a negative argument and to point out some directions of research. The constructive application extends the scope of the Leontief–Von Neumann–Sraffa type models. The negative application denies the existence of a correlation between the expansion of the service activities and an increasing dematerialization of the economy associated with knowledge and information. The final section suggests directions for future research on service outsourcing and unbalanced growth.     

Introduction to the share economy

This paper introduces the major ideas in Martin Weitzman's The Share Economy. It notes that a “share” economy is one in which the marginal cost of labor is less than the average cost of labor; moreover, this condition can be induced by sharing revenues or profits. According to share theory, such contracts will lead firms to create more vacancies and thereby lower the average unemployment rate. Weitzman proposes to induce more share arrangements by giving a tax preference to share-type income.     

The value of the high Aswan Dam to the Egyptian economy

The High Aswan Dam converted a variable and uncertain flow of Nile river water into a predictable and controllable water supply stored in Lake Nasser. We use a computable general equilibrium model of the Egyptian economy to estimate the economic impact of the High Aswan Dam. We compare the actual 1997 economy to the 1997 economy as it would have been if historical pre-dam Nile flows (drawn from a 72 year portrait) had applied (i.e., the Dam had not been built). The steady water supply sustained by the High Aswan Dam increased transport productivity, and year round availability of predictable and adequate water sustained a shift towards more valuable summer crops. These static effects are worth EGP 4.9 billion. Investments in transport and agriculture increased as a consequence; these investments, assuming that Egypt is a small open economy, added another EGP 1.1 billion to the value of the Dam. The risk premium on the reduced variability is estimated to be EGP 1.1 billion for a modest risk aversion, and perhaps EGP 4.4 billion for a high risk aversion. The total gain of EGP 7.1 billion to 10.3 EGP billion equals 2.7% to 4.0% of annual GDP in 1997.