Reflections on Industrialisation and Industrial Policy in Indonesia

Abdoel Raoef Soehoed was born in Jakarta in 1920. After graduating from senior high school in Jakarta in 1939, he studied engineering in Bandung and subsequently graduated after the independence struggle. In 1956 Soehoed, who had become an officer of the Indonesian Air Force, resigned from military service and became an engineering consultant with a private firm. His career as a public servant started with his appointment as an Advisor to the Senior Minister for Development and Industries. He was then appointed a member of the Technical Committee for Capital Investment, which became the Coordinating Board for Capital Investment (BKPM). Soehoed was made Deputy Chairman of the Board, and head of BKPM's Division for Promotion of Foreign Capital Investment. In 1976 he was also appointed Chairman of the Asahan Development Authority, a position he still occupies In 1978, he became Minister of Industry in the Third Development Cabinet (1978–1983) and in May 1983 he was appointed Member of the Supreme Advisory Council.

As a forceful and articulate advocate of what has come to be called the structuralist approach to industrialisation, Soehoed can rightly be considered the prime architect of Indonesia's current industrial development. on 7 September 1987 he talked to Thee Kian Wie and Hal Hill about his views on the development of Indonesia's manufacturing sector.     

Publication

Masalah Usahatani-Tebu dan Industri Gula di Djawa [Problems of Sugar-cane Farming and the Sugar Industry in Java]. Report of the Agro-Economic Survey. Faculty of Economics, Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta, 1968. Pp. ix + 105. (In Indonesian.)

J. Panglaykim and K.D. Thomas, Indonesia's New Era - Development Administration: Supplementary Papers . Committee for Economic Development of Australia, Melbourne, 1968. Pp. xxix 86. Price $A2.00.

T. K. Tan (editor), Sukarno's Guided Indonesia, Brisbane, Jacaranda Press, 1967. Pp. xi + 196. $A5.50.

Angkatan Kerdia Penduduk Indonesia [The Indonesian Labour Force] . Report No. 2A, December 1967. Pp. 309. Angkatan Kerdia Penduduk Diawa-Madura [The Labour Force of Java and Madura]. Report No. 2B, March 1968. Pp. 282. Angkatan Kerdja Penduduk Luar Diawa [The Labour Force Outside Java]. Report No. 2C, March 1968. Pp. 282. Reports of the National Social-Economic Survey, Phase II (November 1964-February 1965). Research and Development Section, Central Statistical Bureau, Djakarta. (Text in Indonesian; tables with English subtitles.)

Buku Pedoman untuk Pentjatjah dan Pemeriksa [Instruction Manual for Interviewers and Supervisors]. Cost of Living Survey 1968-69. Research and Development Section, Central Statistical Bureau, Djakarta, June 1968. Pp. 48, mimeographed. (In Indonesian.)

Investment. The New Policies and Procedures of Foreign Capital Investment in Indonesia. Prepared by the Technical Team on Foreign Private Investment of the Government of Indonesia. Departmcnt of Iniorniation; Djakarta, 1968. Pp. 152.

G. L. Hicks and G. McNicoll, The Indonesian Economy, 1950-1967: Bibliographic Supplement. Bibliography Series No. 10, Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University, 1967. Pp. 211.     

Survey of recent developments

The process for Indonesia's 2014 parliamentary and presidential elections is underway. A few discernible patterns have emerged, yet the political situation at this early stage remains fluid and both races are open. Recent events have shown, however, that Indonesian democracy itself is still relatively young and evolving, the balance of power between key institutions is still unsettled, and constitutional checks and balances are still being tested.

Macroeconomic developments over the last few months have been mixed. Economic growth stayed above 6%, despite a difficult external environment, and inflation, which climbed in the first quarter, began to ease in April and May. At the same time, slower investment growth, deficits in the current and capital accounts of the balance of payments, downward pressure on the rupiah, and the risk of further increases in interest and exchange rates cast a shadow over near-term growth prospects. The recent rise in global interest rates triggered a capital outflow that contributed to a stock-market correction and placed the rupiah under new pressure. Bank Indonesia responded by raising the overnight rate, which helped to calm markets. But given relatively large non-resident holdings of Indonesian stocks and bonds and continued upward pressure on global interest rates, Indonesia's balance of payments and capital market will likely remain under strain for the foreseeable future.

Policy developments were also mixed. The appointment of a technocrat as finance minister sent a reassuring signal to markets and investors. And parliament finally approved a revised budget based on more realistic assumptions and included a much delayed across-the-board increase in fuel prices, together with compensatory programs for the poor. This achievement should help boost investor confidence and generate public resources for urgent infrastructure and social-assistance programs. At the same time, however, recent measures to restrict imports of horticultural products attracted the ire of trading partners and domestic consumers, leading to their partial reversal. These measures, together with draft trade and industry laws awaiting parliamentary approval, represent a new economic nationalism that seeks to protect domestic producers against what is seen as unfair international competition

The fuel-price increase, rising income inequality and an ambitious target of reducing the poverty rate to 8%–10% in 2014 – the last year of President Yudhoyono's final term – brings into focus the efficacy of Indonesia's social-assistance programs. It also adds fresh urgency to government efforts to improve the coverage, financing, targeting, and institutional arrangements underpinning these programs. The challenge has always been, and remains, that without central monitoring and oversight, local political pressures tend to dilute program benefits for the intended beneficiaries.     

Book Reviews

Jonathan R. Pincus (1996), Class, Power and Agrarian Change: Land and Labour in Rural West Java, Studies on the Economics of East and Southeast Asia, Macmillan, Hampshire, pp. xii + 248.

Pierre van der Eng (1996), Agricultural Growth in Indonesia' Productivity Change and Policy Impact since 1880, Macmillan and St Martin's Press, London and New York, pp. xii + 375. £50.00

Mari E. Pangestu and Yuri Sato (eds) (1997), Waves of Change in Indonesia's Manufacturing Industry, Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo, pp xiv + 225.

Peter van Diermen (1997), Small Business in Indonesia, Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. xvn + 234. Cloth: £37.50

Jonathan Rigg (1997), Southeast Asia: The Human Landscape of Modernization and Development, Routledge, London, pp. xxv + 326.

HaI Hill, Indonesia's Industrial Transformation, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, and Allen & Unwin, Sydney, pp xix + 403.     

Publications

K. D. Thomas and J. Panglaykim, Indonesia — The Efiect of Past Policies and President Suhurio's Plans for the Future, Committee for Economic Development of Australia, P Series, No. 11, November 1973, pp. 251. $A12.

Hendra Esmara. The Economic Development of West Sumatra: Collected Papers. Institute for Regional Economic Research, Andalas University, Padang 1974. Mimeographed. Pp. vii + 183.     

The Structure of Indonesian Manufacturing Industry: An Input-Output Approach∗

The paper examines the structure of Indonesia's manufacturing sector, using data from the 1980 input-output tables., and supporting data from various industrial surveys and national accounts. An input-output analysis of sectoral linkages and factor demand (labour, proxies for skill and capital, imports) is used to derive implications for growth and employment of two contrasting industrial development strategies — a labour-intensive strategy and a more capital-intensive strategy fostering basic industries. It is argued that a labour-intensive, resource-based, and export-oriented strategy combined with selective import substitution is most likely to achieve the stated development goals of the Indonesian government.

     

Survey of recent developments

The president reconstituted his cabinet in early December, focusing primarily on the economic team. The highly experienced Boediono was appointed as Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs, while Sri Mulyani Indrawati was promoted from chair of the planning agency to become Minister of Finance. The former economics coordinating minister, Aburizal Bakrie, was made Coordinating Minister for Social Affairs—out of the economic limelight, but still with considerable influence. These changes overall have been well received by the markets, as indicated by a considerable strengthening of the rupiah.

The challenges facing the new cabinet remain immense, however. On a range of macroeconomic variables, performance has fallen well short of the government's targets. Output growth declined to just 4.9% p.a. in the December quarter from 6.5% a year earlier. Investment growth has fallen to a very low level, giving rise to concern about the creation of job opportunities. In a booming global economy, exports grew by only 7.4% in the four quarters to December, despite Indonesia's wealth of natural resources. The inflation rate doubled from September to October to almost 18% p.a., although subsequent price increases have been much slower.

The president's anti-corruption campaign continues to generate much attention. The number of corruption cases involving government officials and state enterprise managers brought to the courts continues to increase. Some high-profile cases have resulted in convictions, but others have not. The campaign seems likely also to be extended to judicial reforms, which are clearly crucial, but one urgent issue yet to be tackled directly is the widespread suspicion that funding of major political parties derives largely from abuse of power by government officials.

Numerous floods and landslides early in 2006 resulted in deaths, injuries and considerable physical damage. The frequency of such natural disasters has risen significantly over time, suggesting that governments at all levels need to develop mechanisms to manage them and implement policies to mitigate or prevent them.

Reconstruction progress in Aceh and Nias during 2005 was disappointingly slow. The reconstruction authority predicts dramatic improvement in 2006, but there appears to be a need to clarify the relationships among its three components, and to make some adjustments to its master plan, particularly in relation to land use planning. A reallocation of available funds among major activities, better coordination of implementing organisations, and a rethinking of conflicts between the authority's roles as implementation agency and coordinating agency may all be needed if the ambitious and urgent targets are to be met.     

Book Reviews

David Glover and Timothy Jessup (eds) (1999), Indonesia's Fires and Haze: The Cost of Catastrophe, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, and International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, pp. xviii + 149. Cloth: S$59.90; US$36.00; Paper: S$28.90; US$17.00.

Jeffrey A. Winters (1996), Power in Motion: Capital Mobility and the Indonesian State, Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY, pp. xvi + 241. Cloth: US$36.90; A$54.25.

Donald K. Emmerson (ed.) (1999), Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk NY and London, published in cooperation with The Asia Society, pp. xxviii + 395. Cloth: US$69.95; Paper: US$26.95. Not available in Australia and Southeast Asia.

Tulus Tahi Hamonangan Tambunan (2000), Development of Small-scale Industries during the New Order Government in Indonesia, Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 218. Cloth: £37.50.

C.H. Kwan, Donna Vandenbrink and Chia Slow Yue (eds) (1998), Coping with Capital Flows in East Asia, Nomura Research Institute, Tokyo, and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, pp. xiii + 319. Cloth: S$78.90; US$49.90; Paper: S$49.90; US$32.90.

International Labour Organisation (1999), Indonesia: Strategies for Employment-Led Recovery and Reconstruction, Jakarta, pp. 404.     

SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Summary Political and economic stability prevailed in Indonesia to early June 2007. President Yudhoyono made some badly needed changes to his cabinet, but left the core economic team unchanged. This inspired further confidence in the government's economic policies, yet it still fails to satisfy public expectations. The Lapindo mudflow disaster continues to weigh on the government, with no clear strategy apparent.

The economy shows stable macroeconomic fundamentals. Growth remained at around 6% p.a., driven mainly by investment and exports. The exchange rate strengthened and the stock market continued its rise. The central bank lowered the policy interest rate further, but this is likely to have little effect on growth, and brings some macroeconomic risks. Increasing or even maintaining current growth rates could be a challenge, given that export growth depends strongly on the global commodity boom, and improvements in the investment climate remain uncertain.

The parliament passed the long-awaited new investment law, which promises a more open and friendly investment regime. Doubts surround the implementation of the law, however. There are concerns that the new negative list could be overly protective and that the continued role of the Investment Coordinating Board may cause coordination problems among agencies and with sub-national governments. Boosting growth in manufacturing could be the key to higher overall growth. Structural change in the manufacturing sector over recent years has seen labour-intensive industry decline in terms of both output and exports, mainly because of rigid labour policies.

Efforts to boost private sector investment in infrastructure still show limited success. Implementation of regulatory and bureaucratic reforms is ineffective, and domestic financing remains in short supply. Public provision of infrastructure needs to increase, but suffers from shortcomings in fiscal management and a mismatch between the often cross-district nature of infrastructure projects and the now strongly district-based budgetary authority. Electricity supply exemplifies how the lack of well-designed investment strategies limits Indonesia's growth potential. Power sector investment has stagnated despite strong growth in electricity demand, and current plans for coal-based capacity expansion lack thorough planning.

An emerging long-term challenge for policy makers is climate change. Ahead of the December UN climate change conference in Bali, recent reports have highlighted Indonesia's vulnerability to climate change and its contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly from deforestation. Slowing or halting of deforestation is unlikely to occur without large-scale international financial flows.     

Publications

The following highly controversial book, recently published in Australia, seemed to require two reviews. The Editor is grateful to Professors Feith and Papanek for accepting his invitation to prepare contrasting assessments.

Rex Mortimer (ed.), Showcase State: The Illusion of Indonesia's ‘Accelerated Modernisation’. Angus and Robertson, 1973, pp. 164.

D. H. Penny and M. Singarimbun, Population and Poverty in Rural Java: Some Economic Arithmetic from Sriharjo, Cornell International Agricultural Development Mimeograph 41, Ithaca, New York: Department of Agricultural Economics, May 1973, pp. 115. Single copies are available without charge from the publisher; additional copies are US$0.25 each. (A summary of an earlier draft was published under the title, “A Case Study of Rural Poverty”, BIES, March 1972.)

A. B. Neil, Indonesia in Transition. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1974. Recommended price $A4.15. Pp. 19.     

INDONESIAN POLITICS IN 2007: THE PRESIDENCY,LOCAL ELECTIONS AND THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY

This article begins by reviewing the politics of the presidency, including the relationship between the president, the political parties and the House of Representatives (DPR). Referring to survey data, it analyses the dynamics of public support for President Yudhoyono, and takes a preliminary look at the 2009 presidential election. It also discusses the manoeuvring between Indonesia's two largest parties, Golkar and PDI-P, in the context of recent debates in the DPR concerning a package of draft political laws.

Indonesia is undergoing continual reform with regard to local, as well as national, politics. The introduction of direct elections for heads of government at the local level is a major political development that may help accelerate democratic consolidation. Based on an examination of local election results, this article concludes that the advent of direct elections has fuelled the formation of unprecedented cross-ideological political alliances. It appears that the ideological polarisation of national politics is often no longer reflected in provincial and local politics.     

SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Summary Apart from the peaceful December elections in Aceh, many major recent news stories from Indonesia have been about disasters of some kind: the sinking of an interisland ferry, the crash of a commercial plane, the continuing misery caused by a seemingly unstoppable mud flow in East Java, and severe flooding in and around Jakarta. The largely symbolic dissolution of the Consultative Group on Indonesia in January has helped neutralise economic nationalist criticism of the president.

The rate of output growth rose to 6.1% in the December quarter, driven by a sudden surge in investment spending. Inflation was modest, at 6.3% in the year to January 2007; the exchange rate has been steady; and the Jakarta Stock Exchange has been booming. The budget deficit is well under control, and public debt continues to decline relative to GDP. At the same time, it is a concern that exchange rate and monetary policies have increasingly come to resemble those in the months preceding the 1997–98 crisis.

Recent surveys confirm that Indonesia's investment climate remains poorer than those of its neighbours. The problem is exemplified by the uncertainty facing new investment in the oil and mining sectors: oil exploration has been sluggish, causing output to fall well below Indonesia's OPEC quota and, although mining operations have been highly profitable in recent years, spending on exploration and new mine development has declined steadily. Meanwhile, the government's hopes of improving infrastructure through public–private partnerships were met with a wait-and-see attitude by private sector participants attending a second infrastructure summit in November.

Non-oil manufacturing grew more slowly than GDP in 2006, reversing the outcome for 2005. Non-oil manufactured exports grew steadily over 2004–06, but there seems little prospect of a resumption of the double-digit growth of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Aside from the poor investment climate and infrastructure shortcomings, the constraints on manufactured export growth include strong competition from China and Vietnam and declining competitiveness resulting from big increases in regulation-driven labour costs.

In March 2006 the poverty rate stood at 17.8%, up from 16.0% in February 2005. A World Bank study has attributed this to the large increase in rice prices caused by the ban on rice imports. It argues that the Unconditional Cash Transfer program, which provided direct cash transfers to 19.2 million poor and near-poor households, more than offset the impact of the steep fuel price increases in 2005, although these findings have been the subject of vigorous debate.     

Toward sustained development

The World Bank released its third report on sub‐Saharan Africa in September 1984, accompanied by proposals by President A. W. Clausen on specific steps that the Bank intends to take to assist African development. The report was presented to the Development Committee at its meeting in Washington, DC, in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Fund and the Bank.

Here is a summary based on excerpts from the report and Mr Clausen's statement:     

Anne Booth (ed.), The Oil Boom and After:Indonesian Economic Policy and Performance in the Soeharto Era

Anne Booth (ed.), The Oil Boom and After: Indonesian Economic Policy and Performance in the Soeharto Era, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. xxvi + 448 A$55.00.

     

Publications

The Kian-wie, Plantation Agriculture and Economic Growth: An Economic History of East Sumatra, 1863–1942, Jakarta, National Institute of Economic and Social Research (LEKNAS-LIPI(, 1977. Pp 142 + xii. Price not given.

Rodolphe De Koninck, D.S. Gibbons, and Ibrahim Hasan, “The Green Revolution, Methods and Techniques of Assessment: A Handbook of a Study in Regions of Malaysia and Indonesia', Notes et Documents de Recherche, No. 7, December 1977, Department of Geography, Universite Laval, Quebec, pp 409 + xiii.

Graeme J.Hugo,Population Mobility in west Java, Gadjah Mada university Press Yogyakarta, 1978,pp.

John Ingleson, Road to Exile: The Indonesian Nationalist Movement 1927–1934, Singapore: Heinemann for the Asian Studies association of Australia, 1979, pp. 254.

The Population of North Sulawesi by G.W. Jones, Gadjah Mada C. E. Beeby,Assessment of Indonesian Education, a Guide in Planning, Wellington, New Zealand Council for Educational Research in association with Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 349. (Educational Research Series no. 59; appendices, tables and index; no price given).

Haryati Soebadio and Carine A. du Marchie Sarvaas (eds.),Dynamics of Indonesian History,Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1978, pp. 395 + xvi, $53.25.     

Publications

Sijbren Cnossen The Indonesian Sales Tax. Deventer, Holland, Kluwer, 1973, pp. 133.

Elmar M. Fichter, Der Einzelhandel im siedlungsraeumlichen Gefuege von Djakarta [Retail Trade in the Urban Structure of Jakarta]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cologne, 1972. Pp. 350. (In German).

Geoffrey McNicoll and Si Gde Made Mamas, The Demographic Situation in Indonesia (Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No. 28, December 1973)     

Survey of recent developments

The arrival of a new year has brought with it an increased focus on Indonesia's 2014 legislative and presidential elections. While voters may be disillusioned with established political figures, a strong presidential candidate has yet to emerge. Many voters appear to yearn for an experienced and uncorrupt leader with new and proactive policies, which is why Jakarta's new governor, Joko Widodo, is being viewed as a potential candidate.

The Constitutional Court has made two major, controversial rulings in recent months: the first concerned the upstream oil and gas regulator BPMigas, the second the international-standard pilot-project schools (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional, RSBIs). The Court ruled both institutions unconstitutional and called for their immediate disbandment.

In 2012, Indonesia's year-on-year economic growth slowed slightly, to a still healthy 6.2%, owing to continued weak global demand for its exports and a contraction in government expenditure. In contrast, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment were particularly strong, with respective increases of 25% and more than 142%. At 4.3%, inflation for the 2012 calendar year still remains well within the government's and Bank Indonesia's expectations. However, inflation expectations are high for 2013, owing to likely reforms to energy subsidies; the expected effect of bad weather on food prices; and increases in minimum wages, which attracted attention in 2012 because of their magnitude and their apparent disparity among regions. Concerns also exist that these rises in minimum wages will hamper Indonesia's international competitiveness and could discourage investment in labour-intensive industries.

Minimum-wage policy is also controversial because of doubts about its relevance to the genuinely poor sections of society – those in informal employment or with primarily subsistence income, who constitute a large proportion of the population. Indonesia has experienced a steady increase in income inequality in the last decade, indicating that the benefits of strong economic growth have not been shared equally. Potential reasons for this increasing inequality relate to labour-market segmentation amid a growing middle class, weak institutional foundations, and commodity-driven growth.

It appeared in 2012 that Indonesia has also been one of the world's poorest performers in HIV/AIDS prevention in recent years. While prevalence rates are low, the number of new HIV infections in 2011 was more than four times that of any other South Asian or Southeast Asian country, and the infection rate among the working-age population has risen by more than 25% since 2001. Infection rates among high-risk groups are also alarmingly high compared with those of other Southeast Asian countries. Targeted prevention, treatment and support programs among these groups are paramount.     

Publications

Emil Salim, Collection of Writings in Indonesian Economic Review 1968 (pp. 31); Kumpulan Tulisan-Tulisan Collected Writings 1969/70-1971 (pp. 65); Collection of Writings 1969/70-1971 (pp. 152), Secretariat of Bappenas, Djakarta 1971 (mimeographed).

V. Arkhipov, Economics and Economic Policy of Indonesia 1945-1968 . The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.r. Moscow, 1971. Pp. 438 (in Russian).

Bruce Glassburner (ed.) The Economy of Indonesia: Selected Readings. Cornell University Press, 1971. Pp. xii + 443. $15. This impressive collection of readings on the Indonesian economy consists of 13 articles written by 12 experts-6 Australians, 4 Americans, and, unfortunately, only 2 Indonesians.

Indonesia, No. 7 (April 1969), No. 8 (October 1969), No. 9 (April 1970), No. 10 (October 1970), No. 11 (April 1971). Cornell Modern Indonesia Project. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

M. Brown (ed.) Indonesia: Plans and Prospects. Asia (quarterly journal of the Asia Society), Autumn 1970 issue, pp. 138.     

Book Reviews

Huib Foot, Arie Kuyvenhoven and Jaap Jansen, Industrialisation and Trade in Indonesia, Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1990, pp. vii + 552.

W.L. Korthals Altes, General Trade Statistics, 1822–1940, Changing Economy in Indonesia, Volume 12a, Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1991, pp. 200.

Adrian Clemens, J. Thomas Lindblad and Jeroen Touwen, Regional Patterns in Foreign Trade, 1911–1940, Changing Economy in Indonesia, Volume 12B, Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1992, pp. 104.

BRIEFLY NOTED: Australian International Development Assistance Bureau, Introduction to Government Administration, Planning and Budgeting in Indonesia, Canberra: Aidab, 1991, pp. xxii + 60.

Helen Hughes (ed.), The Dangers of Export Pessimism: Developing Countries and Industrial Markets, San Francisco: International Center for Economic Growth, 1992, pp. xxvii + 446.

M.G. Asher el al., Fiscal Incentives and Economic Management in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, Singapore: Asian-Pacific Tax and Investment Research Centre, 1992, pp. viii + 133.

Hal Hill, Indonesia's Textile and Garment Industries: Developments in an Asian Perspective, Occasional paper no. 87, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1992, pp. vi + 83.     

Publications

Nugroho, Indonesia: Facts and Figures, Djakarta, 1967. Pp. xxxiv + 608, Rp. 1,100.

J.A.C. Mackie, Problems of the Indonesian Inflation. Monograph Series, Modern Indonesia Project, South East Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1967. Pp. v + 101, $2.00.

Lance Castles, Religion, Politics and Economic Behavior in Java: The Kudus Cigarette Industry. Cultural Report Series No.15, Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University, 1967. Pp. vii + 158.

Pengumuman Sub Dewan Moneter: Beberapa Statistik Terpenting (Publications of the Sub Monetary Board: Some Important itatistics), Djakarta, monthly from January 1967.