North-South trade and directed technical change

In a world where poor countries provide weak protection for intellectual property rights (IPRs), market integration shifts technical change in favor of rich nations. Through this channel, free-trade may amplify international wage differences. At the same time, integration with countries where IPRs are weakly protected can slow down the world growth rate. An important implication of these results is that protection of intellectual property is most beneficial in open countries. This prediction, which is novel in the literature, is consistent with evidence from a panel of 53 countries observed in the years 1965-1990. The paper also provides empirical support for the mechanism linking North-South trade to the direction of technical change: an increase in import penetration from low-wage, low-IPRs countries is followed by a sharp fall in R&D investment in a panel of US manufacturing sectors.     

The endogenous skill bias of technical change and wage inequality in developing countries

This paper draws on existing empirical literature and an original theoretical model to argue that technical change does not have to be skill-biased in developing countries. Instead, the extent to which technology adoption in developing countries favors skilled workers depends on a number of factors. Free trade induces technology that favors skilled workers in skill-abundant developing countries and that favors unskilled workers in skill-scarce developing countries, and therefore amplifies the predicted wage effects of trade liberalization. Developing countries experience technical change that is skill-biased when imported skill-biased technologies become relatively cheaper. Increased skill supply further biases technical change in favor of skilled labor. These features aid our understanding of the observed rises in inequality within developing countries, the absence of a significant downward effect of expanded educational attainment on skill premia, and the differential effects of trade liberalization on inequality.     

Economic growth,capital movements and the international transfer of technical knowledge

The paper analyzes the role of technological transfers in an international capital movement model by assuming that these transfers depend on the extent of foreign ownership of a country's capital stock. Compared to the standard model, two differences emerge. First, a negative relationship exists between a country's indebtedness and its capital intensity. Second, changes in saving ratios can affect a country's capital intensity. We also relax the assumption of continual equality between capital's domestic marginal product and the world interest rate. It is shown that multiple equilibria and cyclical approaches to the steady state can arise in a technological transfer model.     

The calculation of bilateral trade patterns in a Ricardian model with intermediate products and barriers to trade

After arguing for a computational approach to the theory of international trade the paper presents an algorithm for solving a generalized Ricardian two-country model. The algorithm focuses on the ‘critical exchange ratios’ at which the pattern of specialization changes. In the absence of barriers to trade there is one exchange ratio (defined as the value of one country's labor in terms of the other country's labor) at which production of a good moves from one country to the other. With barriers to trade there are two critical ratios for each good, between which it is not traded. Taking the critical ratios in sequence the trade balance can be calculated as a discontinuous function of the exchange rate; where the balance equals zero (or some given transfer) the problem is solved. The method works with arbitrary demand functions and can handle intermediate products.     

Interindustry flows, non-traded intermediate goods and the theory of effective protection : A general equilibrium analysis

This paper examines the response of net and gross outputs of tradeable goods to changes in tariff structure in the context of a comprehensive general equilibrium model with interindustry flows and non-traded, as well as imported, intermediate goods. There are two major results. First, the nominal rate of tariffs on a tradeable good is shown to correctly indicate the movements of its net output under most general conditions. Second, the (modified and) generalized Corden index of effective protection for a tradeable good is revealed to be in a close relationship with the behavior of its gross output under certain restrictions on the input substitutability of industries.     

基于建构主义学习理论的教学中的若干个技术问题

将建构主义学习理论应用于<编译原理>课程的教学实践,在整个"编译原理"的教学过程中,建立以学生为主、师生互动的教学模式.实施建构主艾学习方法.本文从实践经验出发,基于建构主义学习理论的<编译原理>教学中的若干个技术问题.     

Understanding and managing international growth of new products

Growth is one of the most compelling goals of managers today. This paper addresses the following questions about the international growth of new products in Europe: Does the pattern of growth differ across countries? If so, does culture or economics explain the differences? What are the implications of these results for new product strategy?The results show that the pattern of growth differs substantially across European countries. These differences are explained mostly by economic wealth and not by culture. The study addresses the implications of these results for: (a) the choice of a waterfall versus sprinkler strategy for the introduction of a new product; (b) the global versus local marketing of a new product; and (c) managing a firm's expectations about new product growth.     

A Penrosean theory of acquisitive growth

Penrose's book The Theory of the Growth of the Firm presents a growth theory that overwhelmingly relates to organic growth, with little explicit focus on acquisitive growth. This article addresses the gap in her growth theory by drawing on the historical case of Enodis, and insights from the resource-based view of the firm, to develop a Penrosean theory of acquisitive growth. It concludes that acquisitive growth not only enables a firm to grow more quickly, but that under specific conditions, through its increase in the diversity of resources at the disposal of managers, it may act as a spur to future organic growth.     

Marx‐biased technical change and income distribution: A panel data analysis

This paper provides a further empirical evaluation of the Neoclassical theory of distribution as opposed to Marx‐biased technical change (MBTC) using a series of panel estimators. We argue that a panel data analysis is instrumental in increasing the efficiency and validity of the test. Our results generalize previous findings in providing support for MBTC and against the Neoclassical theory of income distribution.     

Migration,intermediate inputs and real wages

To examine the effects of immigration on real wages it is important to focus on the interaction between the labour and intermediate input markets. Immigration can lead to more extensive exploitation of external and internal efficiencies in other input markets, resulting in higher real wages in the destination country.     

Processes of firm growth and diversification: theory and evidence

Investigating the role of diversification in the firm growth process, we build on Penrose’s (The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1959) Theory of the Growth of the Firm to formulate hypotheses about growth of employment, assets and sales in the years before, during and after a new product introduction. We exploit a new database from the German machine tool industry that boasts a detailed and meaningful definition of diversification. Our exploratory analyses indicate that diversification, in terms of product introductions, is preceded by employment growth. Moreover, we find support that diversification is positively associated with subsequent asset growth, but negatively associated with subsequent employment growth.     

以科学发展观为统领转变经济增长方式

要实现经济增长方式的根本转变,就要转变把增长简单等同于发展的观念,转变单纯利用和征服自然的现念,以科学发展观为指导转变经济增长方式.     

玻璃钢管道的技术特点分析

本文介绍了缠绕玻璃钢管道的技术特点,并对其在我国石油、化工等领域的应用情况进行了分析.     

2003年机电产品进出口高速增长

一、2003年机电产品出口和进口各净增700亿美元左右是空前的 据海关统计,2003年机电产品进出口4524.5亿美元,比上年(下同)增长44.7％,占全国进出口总额8512.1亿美元的53.1％。机电产品的增长速度比全国进出口增长37.1％,还多7.6个百分点。2003年机电产品出口2274.6亿美元,增长44.8％,占全国出口4383.7亿美元的51.9％,净增703.9亿美元;进口2249.9亿美元,增长44.6％,占全国进口4128.4亿美元的54.5％,净增694.3亿美元。出口大于进口,顺差24.7亿美元。     

The gravity model and trade in intermediate inputs

Is the gravity model as applicable to trade in intermediate inputs as it is to trade in final goods? One of the contributions of this paper is that we explicitly account for the dual nature of products that can be used as either intermediate inputs or final goods. We find that the structural gravity model performs extremely well for describing bilateral trade in final goods and in intermediate inputs. Moreover, this continues to hold even when we focus on a subset of countries in which intermediate inputs trade accounts for a growing share of trade, namely "Factory Asia." However, the gravity model may perform poorly due to model misspecification (i.e., exclusion of intranational trade) and/or sample selection, even after the model considers the dual nature of products. We demonstrate that the poor performance of the gravity model is not attributable to the large trade flow of intermediate inputs, which supports the continued use of the model as these trade flows continue to grow in importance worldwide.     

Sudden change in a model of small firm growth

A catastrophe theory model of small firm growth allows for an abrupt change in small firm size. The model permits only smooth changes in the endogenous independent variables, turnover and profitability, yet allows sudden changes in the level of assets, the size variable. But not all growth paths suggested by the mathematics are likely to be met in the real world. Nevertheless, there are feasible phases of steady growth as well as feasible phases during which jumps occur.