金融危机下的国际新贸易保护主义及其应对

受金融危机的影响,国际市场需求大幅下降,国际新贸易保护主义抬头。由于WTO体制下的贸易保护主义,在表现形式上具有全球性和多样性的特点,其在WTO法律体制下运作又极具隐蔽性,要妥善应对困难重重。从目前的形势看,推进区域经济一体化组织的建立,加快制度调整和国际标准认证,注重自主创新以及完善政府、行业、企业的多元应对机制不失为有效的措施。     

国际金融危机下的新贸易保护主义以及应对

贸易保护主义的新形式下,资本主义国家通过发挥非关税壁垒的屏障功能、操纵货币汇率、使用行政和法律手段干预国际贸易,因此,新贸易保护主义具有名义上的合理性、形式上的欺骗性、手段上的隐蔽性等特点。政府应该加强宏观调控,发挥行业协会的协调监督职能,提升出口企业的市场主体功能以应对新贸易保护主义。     

新形势下中国如何应对美国贸易保护主义

20世纪80年代以来,美国对外贸易保护主义开始抬头,金融危机以来,美国经济颓势不可避免,这使得贸易保护主义不断升温,随着中国经济的强大,美国对华的贸易保护主义尤为突出。文中介绍了美国对华实行的贸易保护主义手段：＂购买美国货＂和＂雇用美国人＂双项条款、对华采取＂反倾销＂和＂反补贴＂双反并用、对华不断使用＂特殊保障措施＂、美国迫使人民币升值等;又分析了美对华实行贸易保护主义政策的主要原因：经济危机的影响、国内一些利益集团的诉求、中国经济的持续高速发展。在此分析的基础上,又进一步提出了中国应对美国贸易保护主义措施：充分利用WTO有关规则,维护我国的正当权益;积极运用WTO争端解决机制来化解中美贸易摩擦;把扩大内需作为长期的发展战略;推动公平、开放的自由贸易环境;以自主创新增强国际竞争力等。     

Democratization and Real Exchange Rates,

In this article, we combine two so far separate strands of the economic literature and argue that democratization leads to a real exchange rate appreciation. We test this hypothesis empirically for a sample of countries observed from 1980 to 2007 by combining a difference‐in‐difference approach with propensity score matching estimators. Our empirical results reveal a strong and significant finding: democratization causes real exchange rates to appreciate. Consequently, the ongoing process of democratization observed in many parts of the world is likely to reduce exchange rate distortions.     

金融危机时期贸易保护主义重新抬头的原因分析

随着金融危机在全球的迅速蔓延,世界经济出现明显衰退。发达国家迫于国内就业压力,以种种借口设置新的贸易壁垒。美国国会通过的购买美国货条款顺势而生,并被视为新一轮贸易保护主义的标志。贸易保护主义的重新抬头再度引起世界各国的高度重视,并或将引发全球贸易大战。危机当头,文章拟通过关注本轮贸易保护主义的新动向,挖掘出贸易保护主义重新抬头的事实真相。     

汇率、利率、税率：名义和实际

当前我国经济运行情况以及面临的问题 过去的一年里，我国经济保持了稳定增长的态势，在全球经济特别是关、日和欧三大经济体同时陷入衰退的情况下，2001年我国国内生产总值达到95800多亿元，同比增长率为7．3％。更令人感到鼓舞的是，中国在2001年加入WTO，正式成为世界贸易组织的一员，中国的对外开放进入了一个新的阶段。 但在成功数字的外表下，我们还应该看到中国经济的一些问题以及在2002年可能遇到或者已经遇到的一些难题。2001年中国经济增长前高后低，四个季度的经济增长一路滑坡，前3个季度的增长速度分别是8．1％、7．8％和7％，第4季度GDP增长也很难达到7％，11月份居民消费价格总水平比去年同月下降3％，又面临通货紧缩的威胁。2001年的经济增长，主要是由国内投资和消费需求的增长拉动的。由于国际经济严重衰退，一方面，我国出口增速下降，大约在6％左右，净出口减少，对经济增长的贡献度为负值；另一方面，促使外资流入加快，实际利用外资增长近20％，减弱了出口下降的影响。……     

经济危机下贸易保护主义形成的原因——一个“全球公共物品”的视角

在当今由美国引起的国际经济危机下,发生了新的贸易保护主义。该文在分析了各国在应对经济危机所采取的政策后,以多边贸易体制是一个"全球公共物品"为视角展开讨论。认为经济危机和贸易保护主义有着必然的联系。"基本凯恩斯主义理论框架讨论的是一个封闭的经济社会",所以各国在应对危机的经济政策具有封闭性、内在性的特征,应对政策的实质是以拯救本国经济为己任,这是贸易保护主义产生的内因;"搭便车"和"囚徒困境"是贸易保护主义的表征。但保护主义毕竟是短视行为,自由贸易依然是世界经济贸易的主流。     

Productivity Trends in Europe: Implications for Real Exchange Rates, Real Interest Rates, and Inflation

The paper examines a long–run (neoclassical) framework in which differences in productivity growth across sectors and countries lead to inflation differentials. In a currency union, these inflation differentials imply cross–country differentials in real interest rates. The authors estimate the likely size of these differentials for European Union countries, discuss the potential costs of persistent inflation differentials, and comment on the conflicts they may cause within Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The analytical framework is a variant of the Balassa–Samuelson "productivity hypotheisis," which relates sectoral productivity trends to trends in the relative price of home goods.     

全球金融危机背景下的贸易保护主义应对

全球金融危机的蔓延使贸易保护主义重新抬头,新背景下的贸易保护不仅势头猛烈,而且形式更为复杂多样,我国出口贸易和经济发展由此受到了巨大影响.本文针对贸易救济措施、技术性贸易壁垒、蓝色壁垒等贸易保护主义形式,从我国产业自身发展的角度提出了应对措施和政策建议.     

Eco-labels, Trade and Protectionism

Eco-labels are suspected to serve protectionist purposes. We analyze the choice between an environmental standard and a voluntary eco-label scheme in a partial trade model with one domestic firm and one foreign firm. The environmental standard will only apply to the domestic firm, while both firms can adopt the eco-label. Pollution is production related, and domestic consumers demand products that are produced in an “environmentally friendly” way. Our results show that it may be optimal for the domestic government to introduce an eco-label and get both firms to adopt the label, instead of setting an environmental standard. However, to what extent this policy serves protectionist purposes is ambiguous. In particular, if the willingness to pay for green products is sufficient to cover the pollution abatement costs of the foreign firm, foreign firm profit will increase while domestic firm profit will decrease compared to the outcome with a domestic environmental standard. On the other hand, if the willingness to pay for green products is insufficient, the foreign firm would be better off with a domestic environmental standard.     

Productivity Shocks and Real Effective Exchange Rates

This paper provides new insights into the relationship between exchange rates and productivity developments for European Economies. We focus on the question whether productivity changes have a long‐run impact on real effective exchange rates for a large number of European economies. Focusing on a sample period running from 1995 until 2013, we adopt a cointegrated vector autoregressive approach and distinguish between long‐run equilibrium, short‐run dynamics and long‐run impact of shocks. Our findings show that for several industrialized economies, real effective exchange rates and labor productivity are not related over the long‐run. A possible explanation for this result is that wage developments do not reflect increases in labor productivity to a large degree, which prevents a transmission to the real effective exchange rate through the price channel. The results for Central and Eastern European Countries are more encouraging since a positive impact of labor productivity on real effective exchange rate is frequently observed.     

The Malaysian Real Trade Balance and the Real Exchange Rate

The cointegration technique is used to examine the long‐run and short‐run relationships between the real Malaysian trade balance with the real exchange rate, domestic and world incomes. The results suggest that a real ringgit exchange rate depreciation improves the trade balance in the long run. World and domestic incomes are also found to be important determinants of trade balance. The significance of world income on trade balance indicates that Malaysia is prone to external shocks. An error‐correction model is then estimated to study the short‐run dynamics of the effects of exchange rate. The impulse response analysis shows that the effect of exchange rate on the trade balance lasts for about three years. A devaluation of ringgit will initially improve the trade balance, albeit small, after which the trade balance starts to deteriorate, and then improves again suggesting that there exists a delayed J‐curve.     

Public-Debt Sustainability,Real Exchange Rate,and Country-Specific Saving Rates

The recent euro crisis has caused concerns both with respect to public-debt sustainability and the stability of exchange rates of highly indebted countries. This paper investigates these concerns in a two-country OLG model of the world economy with country-specific saving rates to mimic Asian economies. It is found that the concerns with respect to debt-sustainability are warranted since limits for public debt levels do exist. The concerns regarding exchange-rate stability are not warranted since unilateral debt expansion does not impact the real exchange at all, or the impacts are independent of the external balance of the debt-expanding country.     

Productivity Trends and the Sterling Real Exchange Rates*

This paper provides favorable econometric evidence for a productivity‐based model of the pound/euro real exchange rate. We find that a 1% increase in UK productivity is consistent with a 3.5% real depreciation of sterling. Likewise, a 1% increase in euro area productivity is compatible with a 5.16% real appreciation of sterling. The asymmetric response of UK and foreign productivity shocks corresponds well with our model if UK labor supply is more elastic than euro area labor supply. Estimates of equilibrium exchange rates suggest that sterling was not overvalued at its 2004Q3 level vis‐à‐vis the euro.     

The Hysteretic Effects on the Real Exchange Rates

In this paper we investigate the dynamics developed from the exchange rate relative price relationship using a hysteresis framework. The rationale for such hysteretic effects is in terms of firms' unresponsiveness to the exchange rate changes due to pricing to market-type arguments.The empirical support of these ideas is derived by applying a linear approximation of the hysteretic effects.We conclude that the hysteretic effects are a source of non-linearity, strongly affecting the long-run relationship of exchange rate and prices.     

高阶结关系、贸易网络演化与金融危机

2008-2009年国际贸易的急剧衰退究竟是金融危机的结果,还是贸易体系在危机前就已积累的内在失衡?对这一问题的解答,有助于我们更为全面地了解金融危机的成因以及隐藏于贸易体系中的金融危机预警信号.文章利用贸易网络分析等方法,探讨了贸易网络演化对金融危机的早期预警作用,以及这一预警作用产生的根源,从而揭示了贸易网络演化与金融危机之间的深层关系.研究发现:(1)某些贸易网络结构的变化确实是金融危机的早期信号,而且这种变化也是影响危机的重要因素.(2)贸易网络演化对金融危机的预警作用与贸易收益不平衡有关,而失衡风险的不断累积最终会导向金融危机.(3)金融危机周期与重要贸易体之间的收益失衡程度存在对应关系,并且金融危机对具有劣势收益的贸易体更易造成冲击.上述结论说明,分析贸易网络结构的变化可以成为金融危机预警的新工具,且其变化所反映的贸易失衡也为预判国际贸易发展趋势以及优化贸易政策提供了参考.     

金融发展与人民币实际汇率

尽管金融发展对一国经济有诸多有利之处,但文章认为它也可能通过影响物价、全要素生产率等引起货币实际升值.检验结果表明,我国银行对私人部门的信贷和股票市场的发展均可引起人民币实际升值,且主要是通过对物价的直接影响实现的,而通过巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应仅产生有限的影响,人民币名义汇率则不是金融发展影响人民币实际汇率的主要渠道.因此,金融发展带给经济的可能并不全是福音,应充分认识金融发展通过人民币实际升值而可能产生的不利影响.     

外汇储备与金融危机中的汇率稳定

本文首先分析了2008年全球金融危机下的外汇储备与实际有效汇率,结果表明2007年外汇储备存量更高和2008年外汇储备流量增加更多的国家,在2008年发生全球金融危机时保持了更稳定的汇率.在进一步对外汇储备与实际有效汇率的关系做了面板数据分析后,得出以下结论:外汇储备可以降低实际有效汇率的波动率,但这种效应是非线性的;更高的外汇储备充足率代表在危机状况下实行外汇市场干预的更大潜力;其他经济变量如一国的经济增长速度提高、货币供应量的波动降低、贸易条件的改善以及国内金融深化程度的加强都能降低有效汇率的波动.     

Financial Premium and Real Exchange Rate Misalignment

The literature overwhelmingly believes that the size of a financial premium could be an indicator of the extent of the real exchange rate misalignment under dual exchange rates. We wish to oppose this view. The strategy in this paper is to investigate the effects that monetary and real shocks from domestic or foreign origin have on these variables. We also extend the analysis of the theoretical model by discussing numerical simulations. Both theoretical and numerical examinations together show that such a relationship does not exist. Moreover, we find that the more volatile the financial premium, the more stable the real exchange rate. Received December 17, 2001; revised version received May 15, 2002 Published online: December 5, 2002