董事会断裂带与企业薪酬差距

高管与普通员工之间的薪酬差距不仅影响着企业的激励效率与企业价值,还关系到社会的公平与稳定。断裂带是Lau and Murnighan(1998)提出的假想的分割线概念,即可以将团队划分为多个小团体。以2005—2019年中国A股上市公司为样本,本文从董事会断裂带这一视角探索董事会中小团体的差异性对于薪酬差距的影响和后果。本文研究发现:(1)董事会断裂带的存在加剧了企业高管与普通员工之间的薪酬差距;(2)分解董事会断裂带的类型后,由深层特征形成的断裂带对于薪酬差距的影响高于由表层特征形成的断裂带;(3)区分行业竞争的程度后,公司所在行业的激烈竞争有助于缓解董事会断裂带造成的薪酬差距扩大;(4)从经济后果来看,董事会断裂带造成的薪酬差距对企业绩效具有显著的负向影响。本文的研究有助于深入理解企业薪酬差距形成的机制及其后果,同时对于完善我国董事会的监督机制也有一定的现实启发。     

女性董事有利于提高企业内部薪酬公平吗?

本文以2006-2015年我国上市公司面板数据为样本,基于委托代理理论、女性关怀主义伦理学和社会角色理论,实证分析董事会性别构成对企业内部薪酬差距的影响,研究结果表明:第一,女性董事基于移情关怀、社会导向和严格的监督风格,对企业内部薪酬差距扩大具有抑制作用;第二,女性独立董事能显著抑制内部薪酬差距的扩大,而女性非独立董事作用不明显;第三,在股权更为分散、设有薪酬委员会的公司中,女性董事对内部薪酬差距的抑制作用更显著;第四,女性董事与外部制度环境存在一定程度的替代作用,即女性董事对内部薪酬差距的抑制作用在地区制度环境较差的企业更显著;第五,"限薪令"政策弱化了女性董事对国有企业内部薪酬差距的抑制作用,而对非国有企业没有产生影响。基于以上结论,提出如下建议:第一,对于内部薪酬差距较大的企业,有必要在董事会中增加女性成员,以加强对内部薪酬差距的治理;第二,给予女性董事更大的决策权和自主权,充分发挥女性董事的性别优势和监督作用;第三,完善内部治理机制,设立薪酬委员会,充分发挥其在科学制定薪酬、管理薪酬水平方面的积极作用,提高绩效薪酬相关性,兼顾效率与公平。     

关键下属高管晋升锦标赛的创新激励效应研究

本文以2006-2016年我国A股上市公司为样本,探讨关键下属高管与CEO之间的薪酬差距如何影响企业创新.研究发现:关键下属高管-CEO薪酬差距越大,企业创新产出越高.进一步地,相比整个高管团队内部的薪酬差距,关键下属高管与CEO之间的薪酬差距对企业创新的影响更强;关键下属高管-CEO薪酬差距对企业创新的激励效应主要体现在关键下属高管晋升CEO的机会较大时,以及国有企业和技术密集型行业中.此外,降低代理成本是关键下属高管-CEO薪酬差距促进企业创新的重要作用机制,且关键下属高管-CEO薪酬差距促进了企业创新对企业价值的提升作用.本文研究结论对推动企业创新及优化上市公司高管薪酬激励体系具有重要的现实意义.     

公司内部薪酬差距、股权集中度与盈余管理行为——基于高管团队内和高管与员工之间薪酬的比较分析

本文基于我国2002-2011年间上市公司的数据,研究了股权集中公司比较普遍的制度背景下,内部薪酬差距对盈余管理行为的影响。结果表明,内部薪酬差距越大,盈余管理程度越高,而且相对于分散持股或者存在股权制衡的公司,股权集中的公司这种效应更加明显。进一步研究表明,内部薪酬差距与盈余管理之间的正相关关系是股东动机和高管动机共同作用下的结果,并且管理层权力的存在加剧了盈余管理行为,即使在与同行业其他公司的高管的比较中高管所获得的薪酬更高,也不改变内部薪酬差距诱使其进行更多的盈余管理行为。本文研究意味着,就算内部薪酬差距真的能够提高公司业绩指标,也不表示它在其它治理问题中也符合最优契约理论预期,必须关注它的反向激励效应,使得理论研究与政策制定、社会共识更为一致。     

高管团队薪酬差距对双元创新的影响研究——来自高新技术企业的经验证据

以2011―2018年中国A股上市高新技术企业为研究对象,本文实证检验了高管团队薪酬差距对双元创新的影响。研究发现:(1)整体而言,高管团队薪酬差距促进企业创新,但基于双元创新视角,提高高管团队薪酬差距对探索式创新存在显著的负向影响,而对利用式创新存在显著的正向影响;(2)对面临高环境不确定性的企业和非国有企业而言,高管团队薪酬差距对探索式创新的抑制作用更弱,而对利用式创新的促进作用更强;(3)实施股权激励有利于减弱高管团队薪酬差距对探索式创新的负向作用,但对高管团队薪酬差距与利用式创新之间的关系未表现出显著影响。本文结论丰富了高管薪酬差距对企业创新影响的相关研究,为企业设置合理的薪酬结构提供了经验证据。     

企业内部薪酬差距与人力资本结构调整

本文考察薪酬差距如何影响企业内部的人力资本结构变动。基于员工不同教育程度划分人力资本层次,本文研究发现:(1)薪酬差距的增加显著降低了大学学历员工的比例,同时提升了高中及以下学历员工的比例;(2)通过构造工具变量和基于全球性经济危机的场景设定,我们发现薪酬差距和人力资本结构之间存在显著的因果关系;(3)在薪酬差距水平较高的情况下,薪酬差距的增加显著吸引了更有可能进入企业中高层的高学历员工。在薪酬差距水平较低的情况下,扩大薪酬差距显著提升(降低)了高中及以下学历(大学学历)员工比例,一个可能原因在于不同学历员工的议价能力存在差异。(4)薪酬差距与人力资本结构变化之间的相关性主要体现在规模较大、管理者平均年龄较低的企业。(5)人力资本结构在薪酬差距影响创新的过程中发挥了显著的中介效应,薪酬差距提升了研究生和本科学历员工比例,促进了企业创新。     

我国上市银行高管团队内部薪酬差距、股权集中度与绩效研究

本文以我国银行业绩效为出发点,以上市公司强制披露管理层薪酬为背景,结合公司股权集中度,利用我国沪深两市银行业15家上市公司2006～2010年的年报数据,实证分析了银行业绩效对其股权集中度的影响及高管团队内部薪酬差距、股权集中度对银行绩效的影响。研究结果显示:银行业绩效与股权集中度呈负相关关系;薪酬差距与银行绩效方面,高管团队内部薪酬差距对银行业绩效具有正向影响作用,符合竞赛理论的预期,这也为企业高管团队内部薪酬的制度设计带来政策启示。     

关键高管薪酬差距、市场竞争与战略差异 ——基于锦标赛理论的视角

基于锦标赛理论,以2006-2016年我国上市公司为样本,检验CEO与关键下属高管之间的薪酬差距对战略差异的影响,研究发现：CEO与关键下属高管之间的薪酬差距越大,公司资源配置偏离行业主流趋势的程度越大,即战略差异程度越大;薪酬差距对战略差异的影响会因市场竞争强度的高低而产生差异,即市场竞争强度越低,薪酬差距对公司战略差异的影响越显著。进一步研究发现：相较于CEO与所有高管之间的薪酬差距,CEO与关键下属高管之间的薪酬差距对战略差异的作用更明显;薪酬差距可以通过增加公司的战略差异程度来改善公司价值。     

国有企业高管薪酬差距对企业价值影响的研究——基于A股国有上市公司数据的实证分析

文章以2015年我国推行的《中央管理企业负责人薪酬制度改革方案》为契机，用我国沪深A股上市的国有企业2012-2018年的历史数据，研究国有企业高管薪酬差距对企业价值的影响，以及政策之于这种影响的效果。研究发现，高管团队内部薪酬差距对企业价值起正向促进作用，高管—员工薪酬差距与企业价值呈U形关系，高管行业薪酬差距对企业价值同样是正向促进；2015年政策推行并未对两者的关系产生实质性的影响，政策推行后高管薪酬差距对企业价值提升的效果微乎其微。     

高管经管教育背景与企业内部薪酬差距

本文考察高管经管教育背景对企业内部薪酬差距的影响,并进一步分析了其内在作用机制.研究发现:经管教育背景显著提高内部薪酬差距.为控制潜在的双向因果关系,本文使用行业内其他高管的平均经管教育背景进行工具变量检验,结论依然成立.进一步的机制研究发现,具有经管教育背景的董事长,以及具有经管专业博士学位的企业高管所发挥的作用更大.且这一影响在非国有企业、资本密集型企业,以及非管制行业及低集中度行业中表现更为突出.本文结论为深入理解企业内部薪酬制度及其影响因素提供了经验证据.     

Tournament incentives, firm risk, and corporate policies

This paper tests the proposition that higher tournament incentives will result in greater risk-taking by senior managers in order to increase their chance of promotion to the rank of CEO. Measuring tournament incentives as the pay gap between the CEO and the next layer of senior managers, we find a significantly positive relation between firm risk and tournament incentives. Further, we find that greater tournament incentives lead to higher R&D intensity, firm focus, and leverage, but lower capital expenditures intensity. Our results support the hypothesis that option-like features of intra-organizational CEO promotion tournaments provide incentives to senior executives to increase firm risk by following riskier policies. Finally, the compensation levels and structures of executives of financial institutions have received a great deal of scrutiny after the financial crisis. In a separate examination of financial firms, we again find a significantly positive relation between firm risk and tournament incentives.     

The effect of corporate tax avoidance on salary distribution——Empirical evidence from publicly listed companies in China

Corporate tax avoidance is ubiquitous and has a wide range of economic implications. In this paper, we investigate the effect of corporate tax avoidance on the pay level for employees and the internal pay gap between executives and ordinary employees based on the perspective of salary distribution. The results show that corporate tax avoidance can significantly improve the average pay level of all the staff, but the “inclusive” benefit on employee remuneration brought by tax avoidance is not evenly distributed. More of the increased remunerations are allocated to the top management, further widening executives-ordinary employees pay gap. In addition, evidence from the cross-section analysis reveals that the current life cycle, the level of realized pay, and the short-term investment strategy in Chinese publicly listed companies can significantly affect the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and the internal pay gap. Further analysis suggests that the remuneration-increase effect of corporate tax avoidance can contribute to improving employees' efficiency, but the uneven distribution of tax-saving benefits interferes with such improvement to some extent. Overall, our results demonstrate that reasonable and effective corporate tax avoidance features a certain degree of “inclusiveness” since it helps raise the pay level of the whole staff, which sheds light on the necessity of persistent implementation of tax and fee reduction policies in China.     

The determinants and effects of CEO–employee pay ratios

We study the determinants and effects of the relative compensation of top executives and lower-level employees. First, we show that CEO–employee pay ratios depend on the balance of power between the CEO (relative to the board) and ordinary employees (relative to management). Second, our results suggest that employees do not perceive higher pay ratios as an inequitable outcome to be redressed via costly behaviors that lower productivity. We do not find a negative relation between relative pay and employee productivity, either in our full sample or in subsamples where employees are well-informed about executive pay and are protected against career retributions. Rather, we find that productivity increases with relative pay when the firm has fewer employees who are well-informed, and when promotion decisions are predominantly merit-based. We also find that firm value and operating performance both increase with relative pay. We conclude that ordinary employees appear to perceive an opportunity in higher pay ratios but the extent to which such perception incentivizes them depends on the likelihood of success in a series of sequential promotion tournaments.     

Managerial power theory, tournament theory, and executive pay in China

In this paper, we test two models of executive pay that have not received much attention in research on Chinese listed companies: managerial power theory and tournament theory. We find that structural power (executive share ownership) and prestige power (executive education) are significantly positively related to executive remuneration, and political power (Executive/Party Secretary duality) positively and weakly related to executive remuneration. We also find that executive directors' organization level (as reflected in executive pay level for each of the three highest paid executives) is positively related to executive remuneration and the relationship is convex, and negatively related to the interaction between executive directors' organization level and government ownership. Tournament prize (executive pay) is not related to the number of contestants in the tournament and is negatively related to the interaction term between number of contestants and government ownership. Finally, earnings per share (EPS) as a measure of firm performance is positively related to the pay gap between contestants and negatively related to the interaction term between pay gap and government ownership. We explore the implications of these findings for reforming corporate governance in China.     

不同主体收入差距对我国A股上市公司绩效影响的研究

融资结构对企业绩效影响已受到广泛关注和研究,但对企业内不同主体收入差距对企业绩效影响鲜有关注。本文研究表明:管理层薪酬差距、劳动资本收入差距、资本政府收入差距对企业绩效有显著正面影响,管理层员工薪酬差距对绩效只有很小或没有显著性影响;在每个绩效模型中,不同主体收入差距对绩效影响边际效应也不同;企业股份性质、所在地区、企业规模对收入分配差距的绩效影响有调节作用。最后据此提出政策建议。     

Tournament incentives and firm credit risk: Evidence from credit default swap referenced firms

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of managerial tournament incentives on firm credit risk in credit default swap (CDS) referenced firms. We find that intra‐firm tournament incentives are negatively related to credit risk. Our results suggest that tournament incentives reduce credit risk by alleviating the potential for underinvestment when managers are concerned about exacting empty creditors. Further, we find that tournament incentives decrease credit risk when internal governance is strong or product market competition is intense. Taken together, our results suggest that creditors perceive senior manager tournament incentives (SMTI) as a critical determinant of a firm's credit risk, particularly in settings where managerial risk aversion is high.     

CEO tournament incentives and corporate debt contracting

This study examines the relation between CEO tournament incentives, proxied by the difference between CEO pay and the median pay of the senior executives of a given firm, and corporate debt contracting. We find negative relations between CEO pay gap and the cost of debt and default risk, and a positive relation between CEO pay gap and debt maturity. Further analysis indicates that the results are stronger for firms with near-retirement CEOs, which are more likely to run CEO tournaments. Our evidence suggests that creditors view tournament incentives favorably and are willing to provide better debt terms.     

Managerial power, compensation gap and firm performance — Evidence from Chinese public listed companies

We study the relationship between compensation gap and firm performance in the Chinese market. Extant studies have shown that, for the publicly traded companies in China, compensation gap between senior executives plays a tournament role and motivates managers to achieve higher level of performance. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression results confirm the above result. However, simultaneous regression results indicate that the tournament effect is more significant in firms with high managerial powers. Our finding suggests that previous findings using OLS might be incomplete. We also show that firms with better performance and greater managerial power tend to have greater compensation gap. Meanwhile, the relationship between managerial power and firm performance is, on average, negative.