浅析美丽乡村建设的主体驱动力

从生态绿、产业兴和文化魂3个层面论述了美丽乡村建设的新理念,阐述了"四位一体"式美丽乡村建设模式。     

西部地区的生态文明发展模式与策略研究

本文针对我国西部地区生态环境面临的严峻形势,分析了西部地区在生态文明建设方面存在的问题,阐释了西部生态文明建设滞后的主要障碍因素。按照建设生态文明和实现科学发展的总体要求,本文从建立绿色国民账户和绿色GDP考核制度、建立西部生态文明建设的行政补偿制度、建立多元化的生态产业模式、建立西部生态文明建设的支持体系和监测体系等方面提出了生态文明建设的策略。     

对建设生态文明的几点思考

建设生态文明是经济建设与社会发展的必然趋势,应从调整产业结构、转变经济增长方式、改进消费模式等方面科学建设生态文明,同时指出建设生态文明的实践基础是发展循环经济,实现建设与发展方式的生态化。提出建设生态文明的关键是改变领导者的政绩观、生产者的生产观、消费者的消费观,实现思想与认识水平的生态化;建设生态文明的保障是政策和法律体制的生态化;建设生态文明要重视生态文明教育。     

黄河流域生态文明建设体制机制创新的路径研究

政府高度重视黄河流域生态文明建设,体制机制的创新和建设是生态文明建设的一个重要部分,也是生态文明建设的前提条件。近年来黄河流域生态文明建设中体制机制创新虽然有了很大进步,但是仍存在环境政策体系不完整、公众参与下的体制机制创新程度不够高、监督机制不完整和违法成本偏低等难题。应立足于黄河流域实际,建立“市场主导、政府指导、公众参与”的新型体制机制创新模式,更加有效地推动生态文明建设顺利开展。     

生态文明建设与绿色发展

人类社会曾经经历了从狩猎文明、农耕文明、工业文明,中国在"挑战——应战"模式下,在学习西方"可持续发展"思想的基础上,结合中国的实践,创造性地提出了"科学发展观"和"生态文明"理念。生态文明建设是"十八大"报告最大的创新之一,不但是"五大建设"的重点,更是难点。生态文明时代就是要缩小生态赤字,实现生态盈余,实现绿色发展。发展林业是建设生态文明的重要基础、重要途径和重要任务,使命光荣,任务艰巨。     

生态文明理念在现代农业发展中的作用研究北大核心

党的十七大首次提出生态文明建设目标以来,生态文明理念在我国各行业中广泛渗透与融合,形成了系统化的生态绿色发展理念与理论体系,对社会主义现代化的内涵进行了扩展。农业发展与社会主义生态文明建设有着密切联系,生态文明建设目标的实现要求农业改变传统粗放式的经营模式,实现精准、绿色、智慧化农业生产模式,同时农业发展不能仅仅局限于基础的农产品生产,还要尽可能提升农业产业的产品附加值,建立以农业为核心的产业链条,全面提高农业生产效能,助力实现乡村振兴。     

新干县生态保护扶贫模式探析

新干县近年来坚持把精准扶贫开发与生态文明建设相结合,大力加强基础设施建设,不断优化生态环境,加快发展生态产业,实现了精准扶贫开发与生态文明建设"双赢"目标。介绍新干县生态保护扶贫几种模式,并对各模式成效进行分析,针对存在的问题提出了相应对策。     

新农村建设要整体推进

社会主义新农村建设,是新的历史时期党中央在广大农村推行物质文明、政治文明、精神文明和生态文明四位一体的一项系统工程,涵盖了经济、社会、自然和人的素质各个方面。在探索实践中,我市提出了实施“农业产业化、农村城镇化、镇村清洁、结对帮扶、农民素质和基层组织建设“等“六大工程”的战略构想,形成整体合力,全面推进新农村建设。     

马克思主义生态文明观的维度论析

各种生态矛盾摆在人们面前,这都源自于"人类征服自然"的观念。面对种种生态危机,人们渴望将社会发展模式由征服自然转变为适应自然,呼吁建设生态文明社会。马克思主义生态文明观提倡自然生态、社会生态和个体生态的辩证统一,体现了自然精神、社会精神和个体价值精神的和谐共存。从辩证唯物论维度、历史唯物论维度、认识论维度、价值论维度四个方面探讨马克思主义生态文明观,可以对其内涵有更深刻了解,突破了既有研究模式的局限性,对生态文明建设的理论研究具有指导作用。     

建设生态文明的实践与探索——林业生态建设30年回眸

改革开放30年来,林业生态建设以生态文明为目标,坚持走建设生态、改善生态之路,在生态文明建设上进行了不懈的探索和实践,取得了令人瞩目的成绩。三北防护林建设工程为生态文明建设首开先河;开展全民义务植树运动谱写了生态文明建设新篇章;造林灭荒行动掀起生态文明建设新高潮;六大林业重点工程成为新世纪生态文明建设新壮举。中国可持续发展林业战略研究为生态文明建设提供了新理论,其核心是生态建设、生态安全、生态文明。发展现代林业掀起生态文明建设新高潮,推进生态文明建设走上新的里程。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.