The effect of oxygen and water on stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in liquid and vaporous ammonia

The influence of water and oxygen concentration on stress corrosion cracking of steels in liquid ammonia. Vapor phase cracking in water-inhibited ammonia storage spheres is also discussed.     

Foam system design for ammonia storage tank areas

Foam application is a successful method of reducing the release of vapors from anhydrous ammonia spills. It is a simple process also proving to be the most economical.     

Health effects of ammonia

Extreme overexposure to ammonia can cause irreversible pulmonary damage. There is, however, no credible evidence that inhaling a small amount of ammonia leads to chronic lung impairment.     

Inspection of ammonia plants

Safe operation of an ammonia plant and high on-stream factor depend, to a large degree, on proper and timely inspection of the equipment to detect mechanical degradation. This paper addresses the inspection techniques, monitoring techniques, frequencies and interpretation of the results for all major pieces of equipment where problems have occurred in the past. This inspection can be a shutdown inspection or an on-stream inspection.     

国外加油站的发展趋势及其对我们的启示

随着发达国家加油站行业技术设备升级的加快和便利店、超市运营商的加入,国外加油站行业呈现以下发展趋势:1)单站规模大型化,网络布局合理化;2)服务综合化,品牌多元化;3)设备设施自动化,加油服务自助化;4)在加油站管理、未来加油站设计和油品销售方面更加注重健康、安全和环保.针对这些发展趋势,中国成品油销售企业应根据企业自身的能力和区域经济发展的实际需要,积极调整网络布局,推进大型化、高效站建设;推进加油站服务综合化和品牌多元化;稳步提高加油站设备设施的自动化和自助化水平;加大油气回收与防爆、防渗漏装置的应用,推进环保加油枪和加油泵设备的选用,建立和完善加油站典型突发事件的应急反应体系.     

Experience with a simulator for training ammonia plant operators

A computer-based simulator was used for training operators prior to the start-up of a new fertilizer complex which includes a 1,350-MTPD ammonia plant, two 1,100-MTPD urea plants, and a steam and power generation plant with two 18-MW gas turbines. The simulator offered many benefits, which can be used for continued education of operators and engineering studies.     

超大型水电站电气主接线设计

对我国已建的18座超大型水电站电气主接线行式进行了分析,阐述了影响超大型水电站电气主接线设计的主要因素;在论述双母线和一倍半接线成为我国超大型水电站主接线设计主流原因的基础上,对今后主接线设计提出新的理念.     

戈兰滩水电站外部变形监测控制网设计

本文介绍了云南李仙江戈兰滩水电站外部变形监测控制网的设计思路和重点问题的解决方案,对类似工程有一定的借鉴意义。     

Commissioning of CIL's ammonia II plant

Special features of this process design contributed to fast start-up, including the role of the computer simulator for training purposes and the concept of commissioning by process test system.