土地及税收制度在房地产调控政策中的作用——以大连市为例

近年来部分城市房地产业产生的收入已经占地方财政收入一半以上,地方政府严重依赖房地产业发展对经济的拉动作用。本文对土地制度和房地产税收制度进行剖析,研究房地产业税收、土地出让收入与宏观调控政策的相关关系,借鉴德国房地产的税收制度、土地交易制度和房地产价格评估体系等方面经验,对我国下一步宏观调控提出政策建议。     

次贷危机背景下中美房地产信贷风险比较研究

目前．房地产业在我国国民经济中正发挥着越来越重要的支柱作用,2007年和2008年．全国房地产业投资占GDP的比重分别达到10．13％和10．17％。但令人忧虑的是．我国房地产金融体系很不完善,绝大部分资金来自商业银行贷款,风险高度集中。因此．认真研究美国房地产金融市场的特点,吸取其次贷危机教训。对促进我国房地产金融健康稳定发展,无疑具有十分重要的现实意义。     

房地产经纪服务中存在的税收问题与对策

房地产经纪服务是一个综合性的经济活动过程，其涉及的税收包括营业税及其相关的附加，经营企业的所得税以及由企业代征、代扣、代缴的个人所得税，还有与履行合同有关的印花税、契税等。房地产业以及房地产业链的税收已占我国财政收入的较大比重，房地产中介业虽然直接税收不是占很大的比重，但其会对整个房地产业及其税收产生影响。     

房地产业政策调整对商业银行的风险分析

一、政策调整下房地产业的现状房地产(Real Estate)又称不动产,是指土地以及土地上的所有自然资源和永久性建筑。房地产是资本密集型产业,与银行关系密切。今年1—2月份房地产开发资金达5653亿元,其中国内银行贷款所占的比重最高,达2779亿元,总开发资金占比为49%。因此,制定相应的政策,防范     

借鉴国际经验 适时开征物业税

我国现行房地产税制中存在租税费界定不清、内外房地产税制有别、税制要素设计不合理、评估制度不健全的问题，需要从统一税法、简化税制、公平税负、拓宽税基、改进计税依据、合理设置税率、适度下放管理权限、提高物业税收在地方税收收入中的比重等方面予以改革，以充分发挥物业税组织收入和调控经济的作用，促进我国房地产业健康发展。     

我国房地产税制的国外经验借鉴与改革

近年来,房地产业已发展成为我国国民经济的重要支柱产业,房地产税收占税收总收入的比重快速提高.但是,我国现行房地产税收中还存在一些问题,如房地产开发和交易环节税费交叉混乱、税收政策不统一、税负不公平、偏小的规模不能满足地方财政需要、计税依据不科学、管理不到位,等等.因此,应借鉴国外的实践经验,进一步明确改革我国房地产税制的具体思路.     

房地产投资信托基金（REITs）：房地产企业破解融资难题的良方

我国房地产行业融资的现状和模式分析 随着经济的发展和人民收入的增加,房地产业已经成为了我国经济发展的主导产业之一.房地产开发企业的融资方式包括直接融资和间接融资.     

房地产中介组织管理中的问题及对策建议

改革开放以来．我国的房地产业蓬勃发展，与之相关的房地产经纪人、房地产中介市场及房地产中介协会也应运而生，并逐步形成了房地产中介管理机构和管理体系，为房地产业的发展发挥了重要作用。然而，房地产管理机构和管理体系还存在着许多问题。如何建立健全的房地产市场中介组织管理体系，更好地为房地产业服务，是当前我国房地产业的重要问题。     

对我国房地产融资渠道的分析

随着我国房地产行业的蓬勃发展,起在国民经济中的所占份额越来越大。客观来看,房地产行业属于资本密集型行业,资金需求量大。然而,从目前来看,我国房地产行业的融资渠道仍然严重依赖银行,随着房地产业的不断发展,其弊端也日益显现,构建多渠道的房地产融资体系已经迫在眉睫。本文首先分析我国房地产行业现有融资渠道的问题,在基础上提出房地产融资多元化的建议。     

我国房产市场管理存在的问题及解决方法

自1998年住房分配全面货币化以来,中国房地产业在短短十几年取得了惊人的发展,国家统计局公布的数据显示,2001年,房地产占GDP的比重只有3%,而2011年,房地产占GDP的比重已接近14%。社会公众的居住条件及居住质量也因此显著改善。住建部公布的数据     

沈阳市房地产市场发展情况调查

截至2011年9月份,沈阳市房地产市场出现了明显变化,为了解房地产市场的这种变化对金融业的影响,本文选取了我市10家金融机构及12家房地产开发公司并对其进行了实地调研。调研显示：受国家宏观调控政策的影响,我市房地产成交量开始下降,但价格略有上升。由于我市房地产价格相对较低,市场刚性需求较多,房地产市场基本稳定,风险相对较小;银行积极执行国家宏观调控政策,对房地产行业潜在的风险意识增强,多家银行机构上调了房地产企业的贷款利率,追加了房地产企业的担保资金,目前房地产市场变化对我市银行业带来的风险相对较小,尚在可控范围。     

Risk and return in real estate

Basic information is provided on the returns and risks from 1978 through 1985 for unleveraged equity real estate compared with stocks and bonds. Data sources include the Russell-NCREIF index, the Evaluation Associates index, and the Goldman Sachs equity real estate investment trust index. Findings reveal that the aggregate return for the publicly traded equity real estate investment trust index in nearly twice that of the other real estate series, and more than twice that of the Standard & Poor index. The equity real estate investment trust is far more volatile than the other two real estate series. Neither the Goldman Sachs nor the other two indexes exactly measure the returns or risks on equity real estate. The volatility of the equity real estate investment trust leads it to overstate the risk of this investment category, while the other two indexes are not return indexes. Estimates from this study indicate that real estate risk lies plausibly midway between that of stocks and bonds, in the 9 percent to 13 percent range.     

中国房地产企业间系统性风险溢出效应分析——基于尾部风险网络模型

本文以2007—2021年沪深A股上市房企为样本,首先基于SIM单指数分位数回归技术提出测量系统性风险的新指标SIM-CoVaR,并结合前沿的TENET网络模型,构造跨房地产企业风险动态传染的尾部风险网络,然后采用块模型探究房地产市场系统性风险溢出的聚类性、触发机制及传播路径,最后考察网络整体结构和宏观经济变量对房地产市场系统性风险溢出的影响。研究表明:(1)我国房地产企业间存在明显的系统性风险联动性和溢出效应,在市场动荡时期房地产部门是金融风险溢出的放大器;(2)评估系统重要性节点企业时,除考虑企业规模等内部属性,还应考虑房企间关联结构,利用系统性风险指数可有效捕捉网络中系统重要性节点;(3)跨房企的系统性风险溢出具有显著的聚类特征,尾部风险网络可被划分为4个不同的功能模块,各模块的成员及其角色呈现明显的时变特性,监管部门可据此从供给端“因企施策”;(4)网络聚集性、网络效率和网络匹配性的降低能显著降低房地产市场的系统性风险溢出效应。本文从企业微观层面探讨房地产市场风险的形成机制,为促进房地产业健康发展和防范化解宏观层面的系统性金融风险提供参考。     

Are real estate specializing depositories viable? Evidence from commercial banks

This study investigates whether depository institutions that concentrate on real estate lending are economically viable by examining the behavior of a sample of commercial banks that chose over the last decade to specialize in real estate lending. The results show that over the 1978–1988 period, the average real estate specializing bank earnings performance was on par with regular commercial banks, and those that were in the business for a longer period of time had higher returns with less risk than substantially more diversified commercial banks. Real estate banks has relatively lower loan losses and relatively higher proportions of lower risk, one- to four-family mortgage loans than regular commercial banks. Finally, it appears that real estate banks exhibited substantial flexibility in their ability to adjust their real estate loan holdings.     

Local Risk,Local Factors,and Asset Prices

Firm location affects firm risk through local factor prices. We find more procyclical factor prices such as wages and real estate prices in areas with more cyclical economies, namely, high “local beta” areas. While procyclical wages provide a natural hedge against aggregate shocks and reduce firm risk, procyclical prices of real estate, which are part of firm assets, increase firm risk. We confirm that firms located in higher local beta areas have lower industry‐adjusted returns and conditional betas, and show that the effect is stronger among firms with low real estate holdings. A production‐based equilibrium model explains these empirical findings.     

基于房地产市场的我国系统性金融风险测度与预警研究

本文阐释了基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险形成机制,据此建立了分阶段、跨部门的房地产市场的系统性金融风险网络模型,并运用2006-2017年16家上市银行数据,分析和测度了我国房价大幅下跌所引发的系统性金融风险水平和结构,构建了基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险预警指标并进行测算。研究发现:在房价下跌30%的压力情景下,我国金融体系的潜在总损失总体呈级数式上升,年均增长22.70%;基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险值(SR)呈现先上升后波动下降的总体趋势;系统性金融风险(SR)的脆弱性指标(FLI)整体呈现波浪式振荡变化,且与房地产贷款/权益整体呈反向变动,系统性金融风险(SR)的传染性指标(CTI)在2012-2017年呈持续下降趋势,且与金融市场压力指数、金融机构间资产占总资产比重呈现出高度的一致性变化趋势。最后,基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险预警指标(SRWI)值呈收敛式振荡走势,表明基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险总体可控且呈收敛式下降。     

Risk management of real estate: The case of real estate swaps

Real estate swaps are a recent financial innovation based upon the principle of comparative advantage. A real estate swap is a useful tool for real estate risk management and for participating in real estate investment without the high costs associated with real estate. Potential economic benefits and costs associated with real estate swaps are considered and real estate swaps are compared to alternative tools for real estate risk management. The expected utility and effectiveness of risk management with a swap in a multiperiod framework are analyzed. The analysis finds that the subject property's return and its risk characteristics (as reflected in its correlation with interest rate and property index returns) delimit the risk management potential of a given swap position. Optimal swap positions are shown for various regions and property types based on historical return series, from the period between 1983 and 1992, and the parameters of the dynamic model developed.     

The Relationships between Real Estate Price and Expected Financial Asset Risk and Return: Theory and Empirical Evidence

In pricing real estate with indifference pricing approach, market incompleteness is shown to significantly alter the conventional pricing relationships between real estate and financial asset. Specifically, we focus on the pricing implication of market comovement because comovement tends to be stronger in financial crisis when investors are especially sensitive to price declines. We find that real estate price increases with expected financial asset return but only in weak market comovement (i.e., a normal market environment) when investors enjoy diversification benefit. When market comovement is strong, real estate price strictly declines with expected financial asset return. More importantly, contrary to the conventional positive relationship from real option studies, real estate price generally declines with expected financial asset risk. With realistic market parameters, we show that there is a nonlinear relationship between real estate price and financial risk. When the market comovement is strong, real estate price only increases with financial asset risk when the risk is low but eventually declines with the risk when it becomes high. Our cross-country empirical results also show that the relationship between financial market risk and real estate price is non-monotonic, conditional on the degree of market comovement.     

基于房地产市场的我国系统性金融风险测度与预警研究

本文阐释了基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险形成机制,据此建立了分阶段、跨部门的房地产市场的系统性金融风险网络模型,并运用2006-2017年16家上市银行数据,分析和测度了我国房价大幅下跌所引发的系统性金融风险水平和结构,构建了基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险预警指标并进行测算。研究发现:在房价下跌30%的压力情景下,我国金融体系的潜在总损失总体呈级数式上升,年均增长22.70%;基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险值(SR)呈现先上升后波动下降的总体趋势;系统性金融风险(SR)的脆弱性指标(FLI)整体呈现波浪式振荡变化,且与房地产贷款/权益整体呈反向变动,系统性金融风险(SR)的传染性指标(CTI)在2012-2017年呈持续下降趋势,且与金融市场压力指数、金融机构间资产占总资产比重呈现出高度的一致性变化趋势。最后,基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险预警指标(SRWI)值呈收敛式振荡走势,表明基于房地产市场的系统性金融风险总体可控且呈收敛式下降。     

Real Estate Ownership, Leasing Intensity, and Value: Do Stock Returns Reflect a Firm’s Real Estate Holdings?

Little is known about the effects of real estate ownership and leasing on the stock return characteristics of public firms. In this study, we first examine the sensitivity of retail firm returns to a real estate factor over the period 1998?C2008. The retail industry is chosen because of the significant use of real estate in a typical retail firm??s production function. Consistent with our expectations, retail stocks exhibit positive real estate risk exposure, even after controlling for sensitivity to general market risk as well as other standard risk factors. The second part of our analysis examines whether the intensity of real estate ownership and the use of off-balance operating leases to finance real property holdings are reflected in the market and real estate betas of retail stocks. We find that greater use of off-balance sheet operating leases is associated with higher market betas. In fact, the use of operating leases appears to have a larger impact on sensitivity to market risk than does the use of on-balance sheet debt. Our findings also confirm our hypothesis that real estate intensive firms display significantly greater exposure to a real estate factor. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that investors are fully aware of the risk associated with off-balance sheet operating leases.