公共物品偏好显示机制综述

由于公共物品具有较强的外部性,不同消费者支付不同的价格可获得相同数量的公共物品,消费者的"理想行为"是隐瞒自己的真实偏好,企图做免费搭车者。设计良好的机制有利于公共物品偏好的真实显示,从而实现公共物品的有效供给,在对前人研究思想脉络进行梳理、对研究成果进行总结的基础上提出自己的观点。     

Uncertainty and Optimally Uniform Commodity Taxes

This paper examines the implications of uncertainty for the structure of optimal commodity taxes in the presence of a linear income tax. Consumers face uncertain income and commit to consumption of some goods before the resolution of uncertainty and to others after. Preferences are separable between labor and consumption goods. We prove that optimal commodity taxes are (i) uniform within the category of noncommitted goods if their subutility is logarithmic; (ii) uniform within the two categories if both subutilities are logarithmic; and (iii) nonzero across categories, with the tax rate on precommitted goods being lower than the tax rate on noncommitted goods.     

论珠江上游地区旅游商品文化的提炼

珠江上游地区旅游商品文化的提炼有着一些有利条件,也存在着一些不利因素。珠江上游地区旅游商品文化的提炼的基本思路是以旅游商品的开发为载体,以地方文化背景为依托,加强旅游商品的设计和包装,实现传统工艺和现代技术手段的有机结合。     

数字经济发展与消费者福利水平变化——基于时间分配理论研究

伴随着数字经济的发展，社会中产生了大量免费或低价的数字产品。然而，在现有GDP核算体系之下，这些数字产品的价值难以被准确衡量。基于此，文章立足于数字产品的消费者剩余度量问题，提出了“GDP+数字产品消费者剩余”的数字经济核算新思路。考虑到数字产品的时间密集型特征，文章结合Becker的时间分配理论，初步尝试从时间价值角度构建数字产品消费者剩余测度模型。进一步，文章在概念上将互联网服务与数字产品等同，以互联网服务为对象，利用我国2012—2020年间居民业余上网时间数据，对数字产品的消费者剩余展开量化分析。结果发现，数字产品对消费者福利的影响呈总体扩大趋势，其在GDP中占比始终保持在5%以上，且增速远高于同期GDP增速。我国数字经济实际规模被严重低估。对数字产品价值的忽视必然会影响政府数字经济政策的有效性。另外，文章在实证过程中发现，消费者在互联网服务消费方面存在明显的鸿沟。具体来讲，高收入群体出于信息搜寻、社会资本积累和娱乐休闲目的，对互联网服务的使用时间远大于低收入群体。我国数字产品消费存在不平等问题，这在一定程度上会对消费者福利产生不利影响。因此，在精准测度数字经济规模的基础上，政...     

Extreme Credence and Imaginary Goods

The division of goods into types or characteristics has a long history in economics, but it has achieved new importance in the last 50 years. This paper presents a novel pedagogical differentiation of goods into search, experience and credence categories, in part by adding a new goods designation. We argue that there is an important class of meta-credence goods for which there is no possible means of verification in any standard Popperian sense, meaning that the probability of fraud is greatly increased. Despite this fact, markets and prices exist. Assurances of some kind, whether self-generated or provided by experts, substitute for evidence. We propose using examples, some drawn from neoclassical economist Carl Menger, that such a characterization is useful in analyzing such markets.

     

Immigrant Specificity and the Relationship between Trade and Immigration: Theory and Evidence

Studies routinely document that immigrant employment concentrates in non‐traded goods sectors and that many immigrants have low inter‐sectoral mobility. We consider these observed characteristics of immigrant employment with regard to the question of how immigration affects a nation's pattern of production and trade. We model an economy producing three goods; one is non‐traded. Domestic labor and capital are domestically mobile but internationally immobile. Allowing that some new immigrants will become specific to the non‐traded goods sector, the model indicates that the effects of immigration on output and trade depend importantly on the sectoral pattern of employment of both new and existing immigrants. Empirical investigation in a panel data set of OECD countries supports the model's prediction that immigration raises the output of non‐traded goods. Consistent with the model, we also find that immigration and trade are complements. Given its empirical support, the model's implications for immigration policy are then discussed.     

Foreign trademarks in developing countries

Foreign trademarks are used in some cases to cover imported goods and generally products made in the host countries by foreign manufacturing subsidiaries and licensees. This industrial property right is a major source of market power for those subsidiaries making consumer goods. Domestic enterprises making similar goods must either accept a reduced share of the market or must enter into trademark license agreements. But even in those cases, although licensees of foreign-owned trademarks receive a current profit out of the licence, they cannot enjoy the result of the goodwill development.Although the advertising expenditures are borne by the consumers of the developing countries, the accrual in goodwill is for the benefit of non-resident owners of this intangible asset. These private benefits — mostly appropriated by the foreign trademark owner — can be considered as net social costs to the recipient country.     

保税港区货物流转的法律瓶颈及其对策

保税港区是我国扩大国际贸易的重要方式。国际中转、国际配送和国际采购是国务院确定的保税港区五大功能中的三个,三者均属于货物流转的范畴。保税港区开展货物流转有着政策的和法律的优势,仍面临着各种挑战。文章认为,为促进保税港区的货物流转,应该从法律上做三项工作：统一适用《联合国国际货物买卖公约》;明确减免税费的额度;规定国际货运代理的地位与责任。     

论浙江生产资料市场发展存在的问题及解决对策

近年来,浙江省生产资料市场发展迅速,网上交易额增长较快,市场品牌建设成效明显。但目前,浙江生产资料市场的发展中仍存在一些如:对生产资料市场的重要性认识不足、部分经营者理念落后、市场配套服务体系不健全等问题,这直接影响了浙江省生产资料市场成长空间和竞争力的提升。为此,要采取相应的对策,加快生产资料市场的建设。     

Factor substitution and factor intensities in models with more factors than goods

This paper considers the commodity prices–factor prices relation in models with more factors than consumption goods. Under some simple factor substitutability assumptions, many results in the   n  ×  n   cases have counterparts in the   l  ×  n   cases. The proportional price changes of the "middle factors" will be trapped between those of the "extreme factors". A weak and a strong Stolper–Samuelson theorem can also be proven. If the numbers of goods and perfectly complementary factors are equal and the production functions have the nested constant elasticity of substitution form, two of the complementary factors would have the most extreme relative price changes, regardless of the factor intensities.     

产品属性与网络市场的柠檬问题

产品属性(搜寻品、经验品和信任品属性)与网络柠檬问题密切相关。本文通过对大量文献和事实的分析发现,并不是每一种产品属性都会引起网络市场的柠檬问题,网络市场上的柠檬问题通常指的是经验品的柠檬问题。本文重点分析了网络市场上经验品柠檬问题的成因和机制,并提出了未来的研究方向。     

APEC在该区域公共产品供给中的作用探析

区域公共产品对解决区域内的公共问题,降低该地区的交易成本、消除贸易障碍,促进区域乃至全球经济的发展有着重要作用。近几年APEC在自由和开放贸易、投资方面进展较慢,但其在该区域公共产品供给方面的作用不可忽视。一方面,APEC在相关政策的决策和执行机制上拥有优势;另一方面,它在实践中为该区域公共产品的供给积累了一定经验。     

基于颜色传感器的流水线物品分拣系统

在"互联网+"智能制造的背景下,物品自动化分拣应用场景越来越多,特别是在流水线上替代工人进行机械性、重复性的工作恰到好处.针对流水线上的物品相对固定,同样物品的色彩变化不大,而且物品移动速度可控,采用相对简单可行的颜色传感器进行颜色识别,设计以嵌入式系统为控制核心,与外部的各类元器件连接,通过继电器传感器控制门磁通断的动作实现自动分拣目的.系统还加入改进颜色识别处理算法,提高物品识别的准确率,设计软件对分拣物品进行分类统计,实现分拣系统物品信息化管理.建立基于颜色传感器的流水线物品分拣系统,可移植性强,经过简单的改造可以应用在其他领域.     

进口中间品质量与企业生产率:基于中国制造业企业的研究

文章基于2000-2006年中国工业企业数据和海关贸易数据,测算了进口中间品质量和企业全要素生产率,并深入分析了进口中间品产品质量对中国制造业企业全要素生产率的影响。多种计量方法的分析结果表明:进口中间品产品质量显著促进了企业生产率的提升。异质性分析的结果表明,进口中间品产品质量对加工贸易企业、外资企业的生产率提升作用显著大于其他贸易方式和所有制类型的企业;不管企业是从非OECD国家进口,还是从OECD国家进口,中间品产品质量的提升都可促进企业生产率的提高;相比高质量的进口中间品,低质量的进口中间品不能提高企业的生产率。进一步的分位数回归结果表明,相比高生产率企业,低生产率企业能够从进口中间品质量中获益更多,全面提高进口中间品质量可以自动地缩小企业间生产率水平的差距。     

Are China's trade interests overestimated? Evidence from firms’ importing behavior and pollution emissions

Importing is an important driving force for a country's economic growth. While importing promotes the expansion of economic scale, does it also lead the increase of pollution emissions in production? In this paper, we establish a micro theoretical model to analyze the impacts of importing on firms’ environmental performance, and then use the data of China's manufacturing firms for empirical tests. We show that the importing of intermediate goods or capital goods will lead to the increase of firms’ production scale, and thereby increasing their total emissions, which suggests that China's environment will be deteriorated by importing. On the other hand, importing also has some positive environmental effects that firms will increase their abatement investment after importing intermediate goods or capital goods, thus firms’ emission intensity can be effectively reduced. Altogether, this paper provides important evidence on the impacts of importing on pollution emissions at product-level. We suggest that when analyzing China's interests in trade, the environmental effects of trade should be taken into consideration, otherwise China's gains from trade will be overestimated. This paper also has important implications that while developing the economy through international trade, the government should strengthen environmental protection and advocate green trade.     

进口产品促进经济增长的机理探析

本文将进口产品分成资本品类、中间产品类、能源与原料类和消费品类,并逐一分析他们各自对经济增长的贡献作用:进口资本品作为资本投入形成固定资产直接扩大了产出从而推动经济的增长;进口中间产品作为一种投入品最终将转化成制成品而为产出扩大做贡献;能源与原料的进口则为经济增长消除了瓶颈;进口来的消费品通过带来新产品、新思想和竞争而刺激国内的投资,从而间接的为经济增长做贡献。     

我国西部地区农村公共产品供给效率实证研究——以贵州省为例

本文从我国西部地区农村公共产品的需求角度出发,建立了农村公共产品的供需均衡模型,实证分析了我国西部地区农村公共产品的供给效率问题,发现西部地区农村公共产品供给的效率低下,主要表现为农村公共产品供给总量不足和结构不平衡,并提出了提高西部地区农村公共产品供给效率的建议。     

农村公共产品供给的基础理论研究

文章基于基础理论研究的视角,梳理了农村公共产品供给的若干基本问题,解析了农村公共产品这一概念范畴的内涵、外延和特征,然后以经济学局部均衡理论和生产可能性曲线为分析框架,考察了农村公共产品供给内部均衡和外部均衡的实现条件,最后,针对性地提出了构建农村公共产品需求传达机制和识别机制、科学确定农村公共产品的供给数量和定价原则、优化公共资源配置,协调地区间公共产品供给等政策建议。     

Employment and Prices in a Simple Macroeconomy

This exercise sets up interlinked labor and goods markets in a classroom macroeconomy. Students with worker roles are endowed with labor that can be consumed or sold to firms that post wages, purchase labor, and produce goods that can be either consumed or sold to workers. The money from sales is used by firms to purchase labor in the next period. Complicated record keeping is avoided by using ordinary playing cards to represent money and goods. The exercise can stimulate a discussion of potential output, unemployment, and the role of money in determining wages and prices. Use: This experiment can be used in introductory macroeconomics classes to teach concepts of the circular flow, real and money wages, unemployment, and labor market equilibrium and in intermediate classes to consider Keynesian and quantity theories. Time required: Fifteen minutes for reading instructions, 30 to 45 minutes for trading (depending on the number of periods), and 15 minutes for discussion. Materials: You will need one copy of the instructions for each person and one deck of ordinary playing cards for each replicated group of two workers and one firm. No money or other incentives are required.     

Vertical trade and China's export dynamics

This paper examines how China's exports are affected by exchange rate shocks from countries that supply intermediate inputs to China. We build a simple small open economy model with intermediate goods trade to show that due to the intra-regional trade in intermediate goods, a devaluation of other Asian currencies does not necessarily hurt China's exports, as imported intermediate goods could become cheaper. The effect of intermediate goods costs depends critically on the share of intermediate goods used in China's export goods production and the degree of exchange rate pass-through in imported intermediate goods prices. If prices for intermediate goods are not very sticky, the effect through this channel could be large, and China's exports could even benefit. We find that these findings do not depend on China's choice of currency invoicing between the RMB and the US dollar or the choice between fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes.