开放银行在中国银行业的应用探究

随着金融市场改革的不断深化,金融创新科技开始兴起,政策的扶持、技术的创新为金融行业的转型发展提供了契机。2018年开始,开放银行的概念开始兴起,这意味着一种全新的银行业势态,促使银行回归以客户为中心的理念。同时开放银行与"十三五"规划中"开放、共享"理念不谋而合,对推进普惠金融有着重大意义。本文在研究开放银行技术的工作原理及主要特点的基础上,对开放银行在国内外金融领域的应用现状进行探究,分析了开放银行技术在中国银行业中的应用场景问题与监管建议,期望为中国银行业的未来发展提供借鉴和参考。     

银行并购是中国银行业发展的战略选择

在21世纪来临之际，国际银行业并购活动在全球持续地发生。这一经济现象在一定程度上预先展示了未来银行业的市场结构与竞争态势。90年代中国银行业发生的几例并购案是具有东亚传统的政府行为并购，但这说明并购正直逼中国的银行业(见表：九十年代中国几例银行并购案)。     

"银行大集中启示录"系列报道之一中国银行业向大集中看齐

1999年9月1日,中国工商银行决策层做出了工行科技发展史上极为重要的决定,同时也是整个中国银行业历史上意义深远的一个决定:实施以"9991工程"命名的大集中工程,用3年的时间将遍布全国的36个大机中心逐步并到上海、北京两大数据中心,以实现集约化经营和集中管理.这一决策,在当时国内银行界掀起了不小波澜.之后,各大国有商业银行纷纷提出相似的电子化建设规划:中国银行提出建设八大信息中心,所有中心将使用统一的数据库模式,并将相互连接,资源共享;中国农业银行计划在"十五"期间将全国的计算中心集中为36个省域数据中心,并在此基础上进行全国集中,建立全国的数据中心,实现全行所有有效网点集中联网、所有会计账务集中处理、所有客户基本信息集中管理.     

中国银行业发展电子商务的形式、风险及其管理对策

我国银行业电子商务是在全球网络经济和电子商务快速发展的大背景下诞生的.银行业电子商务被作为创建优势银行业务品牌来经营,以占领银行竞争制高点.     

从国外银行购并看我国银行业发展

在最近一百年的世界经济发展史上，各大企业、大银行的购并风潮从未停息过，通过购并，实现低成本扩张，谋求垄断，获取高额乃至超额利润，购并已成为企业大发展的重大战略举措，自90年代中期以来，世界各大银行的购并浪潮独领风骚，尤其是美资银行的购并风起云涌，特别鲜明，意义深远，一是求大，自1995年8月，美国化学银行和大通银行达113.6亿美元的合并开始，到1998年4月花旗银行与旅行者集团，美洲银行和国民银行，第一银行与芝加哥第一国民银行宣布合并，六家金融机构合并成三大集团，涉及合并金额达1686亿美元，1998年，全美11大银行中，有7家涉及购并活动，全年银行购并案例达1000多家，整个银行业购并交易额近3000亿美元，银行总数由80年代的14000多家，减少到目前的8700多家。二是求全，随着美国参众两陆军通过《金融服务现代化法案》，废除了1933年制定的禁止商业银行、投资银行和保险公司之间业务相互渗透的《格拉斯.斯蒂格尔法案》，不仅刺激了美国银行业的购并，而且在金融竞争日趋全球化、白热化的情况下，混业经营、经营多元化、发展全能型的金融“超市”已成时尚。三是求优，1997年，时称“大脑”与“肌肉”结合的美国第三投资银行与天威证券的合并，是实现优势互补的典型。这种从事批发业务的投资银行与从事零售业务的证券经纪公司的购并，商业银行与投资银行、保险机构的购并，商业银行与商业银行的结盟、整合等，精减了机构，裁减了冗员，优化了组合，充分调剂了资金强化了优势，进一步优化了金融资产结构，提高了金融竞争能力，拓展和优化了自己的生存和发展空间，避免了两强相争造成的两败俱伤的恶果，四自筹资金收购，控股等形式并购，其次是在整合发展上求新，各银行之间的购并是通过采用新的金融工具，开办新的业务品种，大力发展现代化电子网络银行，发展新领域，追求新的利润增长点，五是求效，从购并方案出台到最后整合，其成功率都是史无前例的，购并后所取得的成效也令人刮目相看，从美国2000年7月《银行家》杂志公布的世界1000家大银行最新排名情况看，美国入围银行达199家，比前两年分别增加17家和45家，美资银行的盈利能力、资本回报率、资产回报率迅速提高，入围银行的税前盈利总额达1032亿美元，占1000家大银行决盈利的1/3，税前盈利计算的资本回报率为30.5%，大大高于欧、日及其他亚洲国家的水平。     

欧洲网上银行陷入困境原因及启示

伴随着互联网的兴起,有人预测,网上银行将是商业银行竞争制胜的必由之路.然而,抽象的概念并不能带来良好的收益,没有成功的商业模式,投资者不会有耐心将大把的钞票永久地投向一个迟迟不能兑现的预期承诺.本文试通过分析欧洲网上银行陷入困境的原因,浅谈其对我国发展网上银行经营模式的启示.     

Differential impact of Korean banking system reforms on bank productivity

We study the impact of banking system reforms during a crisis following a period of undisciplined lending. Regulatory changes aimed at strengthening the banks’ capital structure and risk management practices do not have a uniform impact on bank productivity, but rather favor financially sound or strategically privileged banks. We present evidence documenting the differential impact of regulatory reforms on Korean commercial bank productivity over the period 1995–2005. Average technical efficiency of banks decreased during the financial crisis of 1997–1998. It improved following the subsequent bank restructuring and continued to improve through 2005. The capital adequacy ratio is positively associated with banks’ technical efficiency. The non-performing loans ratio is negatively associated with technical efficiency. Both relationships are accentuated during the crisis but attenuated after the reforms.     

The determinants of bank margins in European banking

Most of the theoretical and empirical literature on bank margins has dealt solely with interest margins. Applying the seminal Ho–Saunders model (JFQA, 1981) to a multi-output framework, we show that the relationship between bank margins and market power varies significantly across bank specializations. In this context, European banks are a better laboratory than US banks, since they have generally enjoyed a more flexible regulatory environment in which to provide a wider range of services. Using accounting margins and New Empirical Industrial Organization margins, we find that market power increases as output becomes more diversified towards non-traditional activities in European banking.     

The liquidity of bank assets and banking stability

This paper shows that an increased liquidity of bank assets, paradoxically, increases banking instability and the externalities associated with banking failures. This is because even though higher asset liquidity directly benefits stability by encouraging banks to reduce the risks on their balance sheets and by facilitating the liquidation of assets in a crisis, it also makes crises less costly for banks. As a result, banks have an incentive to take on an amount of new risk that more than offsets the positive direct impact on stability.     

Monetary policy and bank lending:: Evidence from German banking groups

This paper analyses the impact of monetary shocks on bank lending in Germany. We follow a cross-sectoral approach by looking at six different banking groups. In general, smaller banks hold a larger buffer of liquid assets which they can use to offset monetary shocks. In addition, the response of bank lending after a monetary contraction is very different across banking sectors. Lending by the credit co-operatives, which are on average the smallest banks, declines most, whereas big banks are able to shield their loans portfolio against monetary shocks. Overall, our results provide support for the existence of a bank lending channel.     

美资银行美元账户关闭对农商行业务的影响

文章从反洗钱监管、美资银行业务重心收缩、地方中小银行国际业务量下降等方面分析了美资大行关闭地方中小银行美元账户的原因,并就账户变更和客户维护难、清算受阻导致企业资金周转压力、服务中小外贸企业的能力受限等方面分析其影响。     

Investment and bank credit recovery after banking crises

In this paper, we aim to investigate (a) the dynamic adjustment of investment-to-GDP ratio and bank credit-to-GDP ratio following banking crisis episodes; (b) whether the adjustment of investment and bank credit ratios varies with several country and crisis characteristics. Based on a sample of 79 developed and emerging countries over the 1973–2010 period, our results suggest that in the aftermath of banking crises, investment ratio declines but swiftly recovers to its pre-crisis level within two to three years. Bank credit declines significantly and remains stagnated even in the medium run. In terms of country characteristics, we find that investment and bank credit ratios decline significantly more in advanced countries and countries with higher level of capital openness. In addition, investment ratio declines significantly more in countries with higher level of financial development. Finally, we split the banking crises episodes into two categories: those preceded by a domestic credit boom or a surge in net capital inflows, and those that were not preceded by such booms. We find that dynamic adjustment of investment and bank credit ratios differs substantially across the two groups. Existence of a credit boom or a surge in capital inflow in the run-up to the crisis intensifies the length and depth of the decline in investment and bank credit ratios. In fact, we find no statistically significant decline in investment following banking crises that were not preceded by a credit boom or a surge in capital inflows. These results imply that deleveraging is costly to the economy.     

Towards a more accurate measure of foreign bank entry and its impact on domestic banking performance: The case of China

This paper examines the impact of foreign bank entry on China’s banking performance. An innovation in this study is that it constructs a spatially disaggregated measure of foreign bank presence, employing location data of foreign bank branches. Using this measure, the study examines the relationship between foreign bank presence and domestic banking performance in China. The results show that the spatially disaggregated measure not only improves the assessment of the impact of foreign bank presence but also resolves unexplained discrepancies found in existing empirical studies contingent on aggregate measures. Importantly, the study provides strong empirical evidence that foreign bank entry is supportive of a more competitive and efficient banking industry in China.     

Basel II and bank lending to emerging markets: Evidence from the German banking sector

This paper investigates whether the new Basel Accord will induce a change in bank lending to emerging markets using a comprehensive new data set on German banks’ foreign exposure. We test two interlinked hypotheses on the conditions under which the change in the regulatory capital would leave lending flows unaffected. This would be the case if (i) the new regulatory capital requirement remains below the economic capital and (ii) banks’ economic capital to emerging markets already adequately reflects risk. On both accounts the evidence indicates that the new Basel Accord should have a limited effect on lending to emerging markets.     

The value of durable bank relationships: evidence from Korean banking shocks

Using a large sample of exogenous events that negatively affected Korean banks during the 1997–98 period, we examine the value of durable bank relationships in Korea. We show that adverse shocks to banks have a negative effect not only on the value of the banks themselves but also on the value of their client firms, and that this adverse effect on firm value is a decreasing function of the financial health of both the banks and their client firms. Our results are concentrated in the second half of the sample period when Korean banks experienced severe difficulties.