基于组织中知识协同的人-人交互效率影响因素研究

针对如何提高组织内知识工作者与知识工作者之间工作效率的问题,分析了基于知识协同的组织中的人-人交互的基本过程,提炼出基于知识协同的组织中的人-人交互过程的特征,分析了人-人交互效率众多因素,构建了基于知识协同的组织内人-人交互主要影响因素的关系模型,从影响知识工作效率程度角度,初步探讨了动机-激励机制的关系模型和能力-技术方法的关系模型。     

Motivational phases associated with the foreign placement of managerial candidates: an application of the Rubicon model of action phases

This study describes an initial attempt to apply Heckhausen's Rubicon model of action phases to the decision-making process involved in a professional stay abroad. The datas stem from the longitudinal study Selection and Socialization of Managerial Candidates, which provides for the standardized questioning of examinees at the university faculties of economics, the natural sciences and engineering in Munich, Berlin and the Ruhr area. A sample of 453 managerial candidates, employed in German companies, was analysed in this study. The following conclusions for organizations can be drawn from the results of our study: the candidates' values and previous experiences abroad can furnish decisive criteria. Information offered in the job interview can further encourage already motivated persons. The lesser emphasis put on the value 'leadership' and the great importance ascribed to the value 'technological progress' could indicate training needs. Intercultural as well as special management trainings within the organization seem appropriate here.     

Problems in the development and use of managerial financial models

In this paper the author identifies two related problems in financial modelling. First, the problem of implementing financial decision theory in practical decision situations and, second, the need to develop existing managerial financial models. A discussion of organization decision processes indicates possible reasons for the relative failure of management science and financial theory based models in practice and the predominance of accounting based models. This analysis of strategic decision processes suggests key design features for the implementation of financial models. Finally, research orientated models designed using these guidelines are seen as appropriate media for the transfer of knowledge between financial decision theory and financial practice. This is seen as providing a tentative basis for the development of managerial financial models. Throughout the paper the author uses examples from his own experience in model building in instalment credit, and leasing financial intermediaries, i.e. “Finance Houses”.     

Performing catharsis: The use of online discussion forums in organizational change

Online discussion forums have been used to both support and resist organizational change. Our empirical study examined how employees in one organization used an online forum to help them deal discursively with changes that they perceived as threatening to their identity. In particular, we found that the postings of one key individual were central in framing the organizational changes in a way that had powerful cathartic consequences for employees’ feelings of anger and loss of face. Paradoxically, however, we also found that such use of the online forum had the contradictory consequence of helping to facilitate the very changes that employees perceived to be problematic.     

All in the family or public? Law and appropriative costs as determinants of ownership structure

We examine how the legal protection of outside shareholders and the appropriative costs that they induce influence the incentives for private firms to go public. A higher degree of protection of shareholders can increase the appropriative costs associated with the conflict between managers and shareholders. To counteract this effect the managers/owners increase the share of the firm they retain so that, overall, higher protection of outsiders increases the likelihood of going public. In addition, we examine how the share of funds raised used to finance the firm affects both appropriative costs and the decision to sell.For helpful comments we thank participants at the conference on Corporate Governance at UC Irvine (February 2002), seminar participants at the Athens University of Economics and Business, and worskshop participants on the New Organization of Labour at the 2002 CESifo summer Institute in Venice. Skaperdas gratefully acknowledges support from a grant for Research and Writing from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.     

通过对比看印度教材《ASP.NET编程》的若干特色

教材是教学思想与教学内容的重要载体。从中印教材的编者队伍、内容组织、编排特点、知识结构的优化与学习方法等对比,感悟印度的《ASP.NET编程》教材在培养学生解决问题的能力和创新能力上极具特色,对计算机专业的课程改革由学科体系向行动导向课程模式的顺利转型具有重要的借鉴作用。     

An investigation of managerial interventions in employee disputes

Seventy four university managers described up to six recent conflicts and reported on their intervention strategies. Findings show that managers use a range of strategies, including overlooking, as interventions for employees’ disputes, instead of favoring the use of any particular one. Choices of intervention strategies were influenced by the type of issue being disputed, the seriousness of the dispute, and managers’ self-efficacy with mediation. Specifically, managers most frequently used mediation to resolve task-related disputes, and tended to use a variety of different strategies to intervene in personality conflicts. When managers perceived conflicts to be highly serious, they most frequently used mediation, followed by arbitration, offering incentives, and lastly, overlooking. Managers with a high degree of mediation self-efficacy more frequently mediated employees’ disputes, whereas managers with a low degree of mediation self-efficacy more frequently overlooked employees’ disputes. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Cross-cultural study of managerial recruitment tools in Nordic countries

The article describes recruitment tools used in the four main Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark). It tries to compare résumés, covering letters and interviewing techniques used so as to extract what is most valued by each of them.

Both junior and senior levels of management need to be aware of the variety of practices described here but it is their decision to tailor their documents to the expectations of the country to which they are applying. In a similar fashion, employers need to be more open-minded as to how recruiters across Europe bear judgment on anyone’s application. The question may also be raised as to who will set the European standards for such documents in the future. But, as résumés in the Nordic countries, as elsewhere, reflect management values, they are bound to differ for some time until a European management style eventually emerges.

The specificities of the tools used by Finland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden are studied in detail as well their underlying managerial values.     

言语交际中合作原则的违反与语用含义的推导

通常情况下,在言语交际中,遵循会话合作原则是有助于交际顺利进行和信息有效传递的,但在一些情境中有意违反合作原则是作为一种会话策略来帮助实现发话者的交际目的。从对量的准则的违反、质的准则的违反、关系准则的违反以及方式准则的违反四个方面论述了故意违反会话合作原则所产生的特殊语用意义以及独特的语言效果。     

独立学院英语教师课堂话语分析个案研究

以调查问卷和课堂会话录音两种研究工具,运用定量研究方法,对西安工业大学北方信息工程学院四名大学英语教师课堂话语的调查问卷及录音分析结果表明:1)和传统大学英语课堂相比,独立学院英语课堂教师话语仍然占主导地位,话轮控制权基本属于教师而不是学生。2)独立学院英语课堂中教师展开话题及传递信息比传统大学英语课堂较为生动、丰富。3)教师和学生话语意义协商很少实现。     

Incentives to innovate in response to competition: The role of agency costs

This paper investigates the role of managerial ownership and incentive payment as potential drivers of innovation decisions by firms and as shifters of the competition-innovation link in the Russian manufacturing industry, where poorly protected property rights and a path-dependent market structure (typical for many transition economies) lead to a variety of outcomes. We use recent survey-based microdata for nearly 2000 non-listed companies in Russia. Our results suggest that managerial ownership, which initially evolved as a means of protecting against and resisting dysfunctional institutions, may stimulate decisions to undertake R&D and risky product innovations. Further, managerial ownership and competition are complementary motivations for R&D and innovation. Incentive payment to hired managers is a positive commitment instrument but has no impact on the competition-innovation link.     

浅论通过项目管理提高企业核心竞争力

随着知识经济时代的到来,网络技术和信息技术飞速发展,越来越多的企业认识到管理项目的重要性,认识到通过项目管理是提高企业核心竞争力的重要途径。文章以项目管理理念为思路,以项目范围管理、项目时间管理、项目成本管理和项目质量管理为切入点,探讨了如何通过项目管理提高企业核心竞争力。     

Measuring performance of knowledge‐intensive workgroups through social networks

In this article, we examine the effect of social network position, structure, and ties on the performance of knowledge‐intensive workers in dispersed occupational communities. Using structural holes and strength‐of‐tie theory, we develop a theoretical framework and a valid and reliable survey instrument. Second, we apply network and structural holes measures for understanding its association with performance. Empirical results suggest that degree centrality in a knowledge workers' professional network positively influences performance use, whereas a highly constrained professional network is detrimental to performance. The findings show that social network structure and position are important factors to consider for individual performance.     

Impact of knowledge oriented leadership on knowledge management behaviour through employee work attitudes

Abstract

Despite the acknowledged importance of knowledge management (KM), many employees avoid practicing KM at the individual level. This avoidance often leads to loss of the intellectual capital due to employee turnover. Many potential behavioural remedies are still untapped in the existing literature. This study extends the construct of knowledge oriented leadership (KOL) and examines its role in predicting KM behaviour among employees of the hospitality sector, at the individual level. It also investigates the mediating effect of employee work attitudes including affective commitment, creative self-efficacy and work engagement, by using partial least square for structure equation modelling. This study finds that KOL positively affects KM behaviour, affective commitment, creative self-efficacy and employee work engagement. Work attitudes (affective commitment, creative self-efficacy, work engagement) mediate the relationship of KOL and KM behaviour. Furthermore the direct positive effect of employee affective commitment, creative self-efficacy and work engagement on KM behaviour is also significant. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by extending the construct of KOL, and by investigating the connection between KOL, work attitudes, and KM behaviour among hospitality employees, at the individual level.     

Advertising,avoiding, disrupting,and tabooing: The discursive construction of diversity subjects in the Turkish context

This study investigates organizational diversity discourses in Turkey – a non-Western, politically relevant, yet underrepresented context. Using a Foucauldian perspective on power and discourse, we scrutinize how power relations in the Turkish context are (re)produced. Based on our analysis of company websites and semi-structured interviews with various actors (e.g., HR managers), we propose a conceptual framework of the discursive construction of diversity subjects at work along the dimensions of (1) visibility of organizational diversity discourses and (2) contestation of meaning within organizational diversity discourses. The combination of these dimensions yields four discursive dynamics as illustrated in our data (Advertising, Avoiding, Disrupting, Tabooing). This framework may inspire future context- and power-sensitive investigations on diversity discourses at the workplace.     

计件工资博弈中管理者的守诺与公平权衡——对计件工资制不流行的再解释

本文首先回顾总结了计件工资制度的发展过程和存在的问题,指出计件工资博弈陷入低效僵局的原因在于管理者的不履行事先的承诺。传统的解释是管理者事后抵挡不住自利的诱惑,本文认为管理者守诺还是不守诺是在权衡计件工资员工和计时工资员工激励效果后作出的理性的选择。管理者守诺只在一定的情形下发生所以计件工资制不流行。     

Representation of Developments in Labour Market Research

A knowledge graph is a kind of semantic network representing some scientific theory. The paper describes the state of art in this field and addresses a number of problems that has not been solved yet. These are: implicit relations, strength of (causal) relations, and conditions. Concepts might be too broad or complex to be used properly, directions for solving this problem are explored. The solutions are applied to a knowledge graph in the field of labour markets.     

企业高级技工的知识管理

高级技工作为一种重要的知识型员工,对企业的发展起着关键的作用。本文以系统的观点为指导,从知识管理的角度,首先分析了高级技工在企业中的重要作用,然后通过对他们知识特点的分析,提出了在知识经济下,如何有效管理高级技工的策略,旨在提高企业的竞争能力。     

知识管理在军事物流中的应用

随着知识经济时代的到来,知识管理成为各个行业的研究热点。将知识管理应用于军事物流领域,阐述了知识管理对军事物流的影响,并提出了在军事物流领域应用知识管理的几点建设性措施。