山东：明年将不再设置新农合家庭账户

山东省卫生厅最近对新型农村合作医疗实施办法进行了重大调整，从2009年起，全省统一基金的统筹模式，不再设置家庭账户。原设家庭账户的地区，家庭账户基金结余可结转下年度使用，并逐步消化，但不得用于冲抵个人参合缴费资金。     

基本养老保险个人账户的规范管理

养老保险个人账户是社会保险经办机构依照社会统筹与个人账户相结合的原则,为每位参加基本养老保险的职工建立的一个终身不变的个人资金账户,它详细记录了职工和企业缴纳养老保险费的内容。     

分类保障:我国农民社会养老保险模式的现实选择

当前,农民已分化为纯农户、农民工和失地农民,三者在职业、收入、居住方式等方面各不相同,因而其社会养老保险也应有所别:对纯农户,应采取"基础养老保险" "附加养老保险"模式;对农民工,应实行"个人账户" "社会统筹账户"模式;对失地农民,应探索"个人账户" "基础养老金账户" "储备金账户"模式.在此基础上,建立纯农户的最低生活保障制度;完善农民工社会养老保险配套制度;明确失地农民主体地位,完善失地补偿安置制度,才能真正提高农民的生活水平.     

新型农村合作医疗不同补偿模式的收入分配效应——基于江苏、安徽两省30县1500个农户的实证分析

本文运用基尼系数和洛伦兹曲线评价新型农村合作医疗不同补偿模式的收入分配效应,借助Heckman两步法从微观层面对不同补偿模式下不同收入水平农户实际获得新型农村合作医疗补偿的数量进行实证分析。研究结果表明,新型农村合作医疗对发生医疗支出群体收入公平的影响显著为正,即新型农村合作医疗的补偿更倾向于患病群体,且收入低的群体获得的补偿高于收入高的群体;不同补偿模式调节收入分配的力度不同,与家庭账户相比,住院统筹或住院统筹加门诊统筹的补偿模式更有利于低收入人群。     

我国农民社会养老保险模式的现实选择

当前，农民已分化为纯农户、农民工和失地农民，三者在职业、收入、居住方式等方面各不相同，因而其社会养老保险也应有所别；对纯农户、应采取“基础养老保险”＋“附加养老保险”模式；对农民工，应实行“个人帐户”＋“社会统筹账户”模式；对失地农民，应探索“个人账户”＋“基础养老金账户”＋“储备金 账户”模式。在此基础上，建立纯农户的最低生活保障制度；完善农民工社会养老保险配套制度；明确失地农民主体地位，完善失地补偿安置制度，才能真正提高农民的生活水平。     

长株潭两型社会建设中统筹城乡发展问题探讨

文章对长株潭两型社会建设中统筹城乡发展问题进行了积极、深入的探讨。分析了统筹城乡发展与试验区两型社会建设的关系,通过相关协调发展指标量化评价了长株潭统筹城乡发展的现状,指出了城乡统筹发展的难点和瓶颈,由此提出长株潭两型社会建设中统筹城乡发展的对策建议,为推进长株潭试验区改革建设提供有力的决策参考。     

浅议城镇职工基本养老保险转移接续

2009年12月29日,国家出台养老保险转移接续新政,打破了城镇职工基本养老保险转移接续中无法转移统筹账户基金的＂坚冰＂。但是,在新政策的具体实施和操作过程中,仍然存在转入地养老金支付压力大、信息传递不顺畅等很多问题。本文在充分考虑我国现阶段基本养老保险关系转移接续现状的基础上,主要从提高统筹层次、建立＂一卡通＂的社会保障模式,以及提高经办机构效率等方面入手,试图研究更加统一、规范、简便的基本养老保险转移接续办法。     

取药处——甘肃新农合新标

近日，甘肃省明确2012年新农合基金筹资标准达到每人290元，其中中央、省、市、县财政承担240元，个人承担50元。从今年起，各地终止新农合家庭账户和各种变相的家庭账户式补偿模式，全部实行门诊统筹，全面启动按病种定额付费、限额付费、门诊总额预付等多种支付方式改革。参舍农民单次住院封顶线最高为4万元，年内多次住院的累计补偿金额提高到8万元。     

推进城乡社会养老保险统筹的基本思路

建立统筹城乡的社会养老保障制度体系,是解决"三农"问题、构建和谐社会的需要.文章从城乡社会养老保险差别入手,对城乡社会养老保险统筹及其社会效应进行分析,提出了统筹城乡社会养老保险发展的具体建议.     

黑龙江省实行第三支柱养老金账户制必要性和可行性分析

在当前我国政府为应对人口老龄化问题而不断加强养老体系建设的大环境下,黑龙江省已具备了建立第三支柱型养老金账户制的条件和时机,需要地区政府逐步开展此项工作。黑龙江养老金构成内容为基本养老金、企业年金等补充、第三支柱养老金。尽管第三支柱养老账户当前还处在初级建设阶段,不过相应的法律条款正在逐步增加和细化,为其发展夯实了法律基础。文章重点分析了第三支柱养老金账户制实行的必要性、可行性,得出当前第三支柱养老金账户制亟待政策的引导和推动,以发挥其有效作用,为促进我国养老机制的完善贡献力量。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.