高铁站房高大候车厅空调气流组织探讨

采用计算流体动力学（CFD）数值模拟方法,探讨不同送风距离及送回口布置形式对候车厅高大空间的温度场、速度场、热舒适指标PMV等因素的影响。从模拟分析来看,确定喷口最大送风距离不仅仅与喷口形式、设置位置、安装角度及出口风速相关,太阳辐射等围护结构影响因素、回风形式、风速场大小也影响喷口最大送风距离;采用另一热舒适评价指标（SET*）简要分析了通过提高送风速度补偿室内温度的方法。文中观点及思路可供此类高大空间空调系统气流组织设计借鉴和参考。     

智能化汽车玻璃

智能化汽车玻璃唐满生玻璃技术对现代汽车的安全、环保、节能影响很大。随着汽车工业的发展，人们在追求汽车安全的同时，也开始讲究其舒适及美观性，这些功能大部分是通过玻璃实现的。目前，不少玻璃厂家在致力于研究、开发应用汽车玻璃方面已经取得可喜成果。防光防雨玻...     

公路沥青路面平整度施工工艺分析

当前，人们对路面行车的安全性、舒适性以及路面的耐久性都提出了很高的要求。路面平整度是影响行车舒适程度的重要指标，如何确保路面平整度指标以保证工程质量及投资效益，对施工单位既是挑战也是发展的机遇。笔者现就路面工程中出现的坑凹，接缝台阶、波浪、碾压车辙、桥涵与路面接茬不平、跳车等相关路面平整度问题进行分析。     

低噪微表处混合料优化研究

正微表处技术是一种经济、快捷、高效的预防性养护技术,与热拌沥青混合料相比,微表处混合料噪音较大,严重影响了行驶的舒适性。本文通过在微表处混合料中添加纤维,优化其配合比以及油石比掺量三方面对微表处混合料性能的影响规律入手,优化设计参数,为微表处的优化设计提供理论参考。     

客车水暖系统的优化设计

随着人们对客车舒适性要求越来越高，在我国特别是东北和西北高寒地区，无暖气或者暖气不热对整车的上座率影响很大。客车是采用燃油液体加热器加热水暖系统，从而实现为车厢内供暖的。本文介绍了客车水暖系统设计各环节的优化，以实现水暖系统的整体优化。     

改善水泥混凝土路面舒适性的技术措施（上）

高等级公路特别是高速公路路面要求快速。安全、舒适。畅通，为行驶的车辆提供优质的服务。高等级公路水泥混凝土路面舒适性问题相当重要．2004年1月．交通部部长张春贤在与作者的交谈中曾指出：要努力改善和提高水泥混凝土路面的舒适性。张部长对此问题的关切，在很大程度上代表了公路交通行业各出了研究——爪建设级领导和广大技术人员的意见，指改进行车舒适性是水泥混凝土路面。设计。施工。养护及运营管理的重要发展方向，是水泥混凝土路面中必须着力解决好的重要问题之一。     

基于静态参数的旅游轨道线路舒适度设计研究

为了在旅游轨道线路技术参数设计时,在保证安全的基础上提升旅游轨道线路舒适度,以陕西省旅游轨道交通线路设计要求为对象,阐述静态平、纵断面参数对线路舒适度的影响,构建基于静态参数的旅游轨道线路舒适度模型,研究曲线半径、外轨超高和曲线长度等静态参数与线路舒适度之间的关系,计算在线路设计速度为60km/h,80km/h和100km/h时,满足不同等级舒适性的曲线半径取值范围,并结合实际地形情况给出满足舒适度需要的曲线半径推荐值,为陕西省旅游轨道设计规范的完善提供理论依据。     

沥青路面设计的基本原则

正公路的使用功能由路面呈现。路面是公路直接承受车辆与环境作用的层状结构体。沥青路面作为多元复杂的经济社会技术系统,具有运动性,充满矛盾性。对沥青路面发展起决定性作用的是路面设计的基本原则,反映经济社会技术的综合要求。备受关注的力学响应问题,实际上是技术层面的一个点,其随时间动态变化构成线,表现于材料、结构、荷载、环境等构成面。点线面体协调平衡,取决于路面设计的基本原则,包括安全性、舒适性、适用性、经济性、耐久性、环保与可持续性等原则。     

客车传动系异响的排除

随着我国旅客运输业的发展，安全性和舒适性成为人们出行时选择交通工具的的主要依据，因此对客车的技术性能也提出了更高的要求。客车传动系异响所产生的噪音是影响客车舒适性的重要因素之一，因此，辨别异响，判断产生的原因并采取措施消除或降低传动系异响是提高客车舒适性的有效手段。     

水泥滑模摊铺机作业质量控制

正随着我国高等级公路的快速发展,滑模摊铺施工技术已普遍应用于高等级水泥混凝土路面的施工中。滑模施工具有作业效率高,路面整体性好、平整度高,面层结构均匀,车辆行驶舒适、摩擦噪音低及表面光滑等特点,这种施工方式是一种现代化、大规模、快速机械施工混凝土路面的新技术。然而,在施工过程中,由于机械参数的设置与调整、混凝土拌制质量及施工人员的技术水平等因素,导致摊铺的路面平整度、密实度等达不到要求。笔者根据工程实践,从摊铺施工机械和混     

Perceived stress and burnout syndrome: A moderated mediation model of self-efficacy and psychological comfort among polish air traffic controllers

How can one protect oneself against stress and burnout syndrome? What is the role of human cognitive processes? This study explores the moderated mediation effects of the trait of self-efficacy in a mode of perceived stress and burnout syndrome in a group of Polish air traffic controllers. The first aim of this study was to develop a better understanding of the construct of perceived stress. We proposed a latent variable, called psychological comfort, to clarify the role of self-efficacy in relation: stress and burnout. The second aim was to test the assumptions about the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between stress and burnout via the level of psychological comfort. The most important aim was to investigate whether the direct and indirect associations between stress and burnout were moderated by the level of psychological comfort. For the study, self-report questionnaires were distributed to 609 active air traffic controllers from 18 air traffic control centers of the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PANSA). Three hundred forty sets of questionnaires were returned (55.88%) of which 110 were correctly completed (return rate - 18.1%). We formulated 5 hypotheses. Two of them were confirmed: the indirect effect of perceived stress on occupational burnout via general self-efficacy was significant and the indirect relationship between perceived stress and occupational burnout would be different for air traffic controllers characterized by various levels of psychological comfort. The study emphasizes the role of certain human cognitive resources which may play a role in the relationship between stress and burnout: self-efficacy, perceived stress, and psychological comfort. There are important practical conclusions from the research. Knowing about the level of psychological comfort helps to plan better actions to protect against the negative impact of chronic stress on cognitive functions and against the development of clinical symptoms of burnout syndrome.     

Competition of high-speed train with air transport: The case of Madrid–Barcelona

This paper analyzes the potential competition of the high-speed train with the air transport between Madrid and Barcelona. The analysis estimates disaggregated mode choice models using information provided by mixed revealed and stated preferences database. We obtained different willingness-to-pay measures for improving service quality. In general, values for travel time savings are higher for mandatory trips and increases as the level of comfort falls. We also obtained a high willingness-to-pay estimate for reductions in delay time, being higher in the case of high-speed train than for air transport. Demand responses to various policy scenarios that consider the potential competition between high-speed train and air transport are examined.     

An analysis of air mass effects on rail ridership in three US cities

This paper examines whether daily weather affects ridership in urban transportation systems. When examining human–weather relationships, it is often advantageous to examine air masses, which take into account the entire parcel of air over a region. Spatial synoptic classification characterizes air masses based upon numerous meteorological variables at a given location. Thus, rather than examining temperature or precipitation individually, here we compare daily ridership to synoptic air mass classifications for three urban rail systems: Chicago Transit Authority (CTA), Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), and the Hudson–Bergen light-rail line in northern New Jersey. Air masses are found to have a significant impact on daily rail ridership, with usage typically increasing on dry, comfortable days and decreasing on moist, cool ones, particularly on weekends. Although the comfort of a particular air mass changes throughout the year, seasonality is not a significant factor with respect to the air mass–ridership relationship. The results of this study can benefit rail system managers who must predict daily ridership or in the development of cost-benefit analyses for station improvements.     

Assessing performance variability of ground handlers to comply with airport quality standards

The increasing competition in the air transport industry continuously pushes ground handlers to improve their performance. Recent European regulations prescribe that the managing body of large European airports (more than 5,000,000 passengers/year or 100,000 tonnes/year of freight) have to define quality standards of service level for ground handler operations. In case a handler fails to meet these minimum requirements, the airport has to report it these irregularities, potentially imposing a fine or even suspending, partly or fully, the handler’s services. As always recognized by the passengers, one of the most critical quality standards is the baggage handling waiting time. This paper defines a methodology to assess whether the handler fits the requirements of first baggage delivery for both the overall process and the specific segments (flight, conveyor belt, departing airport, day of the week, etc.). The methodology, analysing the performance by a two-dimensional perspective (structure and frequency), will help the decision makers in defining mitigating actions to take the performance under statistical control, respecting the requirements and preventing any drift.     

The effects of travel time and cost savings on commuters’ decision to travel on public transport routes involving transfers

Urban cities are struggling with congested networks, noise and air pollution. Government agencies respond by investing in infrastructures to create integrated public transport systems. Transfers are a key element for the success of network integration. This study explores commuters’ perception of transfers by adopting Weber’s Law “Just Noticeable Difference”. Two trip attributes, travel time and cost, are investigated. Two stated-preference surveys are conducted at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Results show that, on average, users’ desire at least a 33% reduction in their current travel time and at least a 16% reduction in their current travel cost given basic comfort amenities at the interchange. For an interchange with more comfort, on average, users’ desire at least a 25% reduction in their current travel time and at least a 10% reduction in their current travel cost. The findings are expected to be used as a guideline by planners when developing integrated public transport networks. Recommendations have been made to the Auckland Regional Public Transport Plan.     

Implications of the ageing society and internationalisation for airport services: A perspective on passenger demand for personal space at airport terminals

“Per-passenger-space” has been used as one of the fundamental units of Level of Service (LOS) measurement to evaluate the capacity of airport terminals for passenger comfort and service satisfaction. This study addresses the questions of how air passengers perceive personal space as an airport service attribute, and how the territoriality of passengers is moderated by their age and cultural background. Participants were grouped depending on their age and nationality for a comparative study. The results from the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) and open-ended questions supported the conclusion that passengers of different age and cultural backgrounds perceive personal space differently, and their service satisfaction would be partially affected by the availability of personal space within the airport terminal. These findings suggest a necessity for alternative LOS standards that are cost-effective and able to reflect changing age structure and cultural composition of air passengers.     

En-route weather and place valuations for different transport mode users

With the increasing societal interest in climate change, mostly separated strands of literature have investigated the travel-behavioural, thermo-sensational and environmental–psychological effects of weather on people in everyday life. This research conceptually and statistically integrates these fragmented insights. Drawing on unique Greater Rotterdam (The Netherlands) travel diary data enriched with hourly meteorological and spatial route attributes, we analyse how weather affects different transport mode users’ en-route place valuations in terms of liveliness, friendliness and aesthetics. Our main findings indicate that windy, cloudy, cold (<15 °C) or too hot (⩾25 °C) weather conditions negatively affect en-route place valuations, either directly or through lower thermal comfort. Active mode users generally value their route surroundings more positively than motorised transport modes, however they also appear more strongly affected by weather in their thermal experiences and place valuations. Policy makers are advised to expand climate-sensitive urban planning along active transport mode infrastructures.     

The effects of deregulation, changed customer requirements and new technology on the organisation and spatial patterns of the air freight sector in Europe

Customer requirements, new technologies and the deregulation and liberalisation measures of the last 15 years have had a significant influence on market structures in air freight transport in Europe. The study examines the sector using the concept of global production networks. It describes the reorganisation in various dimensions. Firstly, there is the development from single air freight forwarders to global networks of firms. Secondly, we find a reorganisation of inter-company relations. Thirdly, airlines around the world organise their air traffic as a hub system. This lends added importance to the selected hub airport, and puts pressure on them to enlarge. As spatial consequences there is greater competition among international airports.     

The propensity of business travellers to use low cost airlines

The liberalisation of air transport regulations in the EU has led to the introduction of a number of new airlines serving short haul point to point routes (e.g. easyJet, Ryanair, Debonair, Virgin Express, Go and others). While some of these routes are clearly leisure oriented (e.g. Palma, Ibiza, Venice and Nice), anecdotal evidence suggests that a significant number of travellers are using these services for business related trips. A number of recent studies suggest that pressure is being brought to bear on business travellers to reduce travel expenditure (IATA, 1997. International Air Trasport Association, Press release, No. PS/13/9, 27 January 1997; Bender, A., Stephenson, F., 1998. Journal of Air Trasport Management 4 (2), 99–109; Mason, K.J., 1998. In: Selected Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Transport Research (forthcoming)). This paper details a stated preference (SP) survey of European business travellers to assess the propensity for business travellers to use short haul low cost airlines. The study assess the utility placed by travellers on price, airline reward schemes, flight frequency and in-flight comfort service attributes. Price is shown to be the most important purchase factor followed by in-flight comfort and then flight frequency. The study demonstrates the effect of company size on traveller's selection of these utilities.     

Shift designs for freight handling personnel at air cargo terminals

This paper presents an integrated mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for determining manpower requirements and related personnel shift designs for the build-up and break-down of the unit load devices (ULDs) at the air cargo terminal to minimize manpower costs. To utilize the manpower resources efficiently, we implement a new mechanism for demand leveling. In addition, we consider the qualification hierarchy between build-up and break-down workers. A case study based on the real-life data shows that the model is useful for manpower planning at air cargo terminals and the integrated approach is far superior to a traditional two-stage approach.