教育和户籍歧视对城镇工和农民工工资差异的影响

本文提出基于自然实验的工资差异分解方法用于分析个体特征差异、进入市场前教育歧视和市场后户籍歧视对城镇劳动力市场中城镇工和农民工之间工资差异的影响。研究结果表明,城镇工工资率是农民工工资率的1.79倍,两类劳动力工资差异的69.77%、14.01%和12.99%分别是由个体特征差异、农民工进入市场前受到的教育歧视和进入市场后受到的户籍歧视导致的。因此,政府在设计和实施公平的就业制度和工资分配制度的同时,大力促进城乡教育事业的均衡发展,将有助于缩小城镇工和农民工之间的工资差异。     

Household Composition and Brazilian Food Purchases: An Expenditure System Approach

The use of household level data for food demand analysis requires the researcher to address issues such as purchase censoring and the impacts of household age/gender composition on such demand. This analysis adopts an estimation approach to modeling censored food expenditures. The major methodological contribution of this analysis is our incorporation of an endogenous equivalence scale measure within the expenditure system. Our empirical application is concerned with Brazilian household food expenditures. We use the estimated adult equivalence scales to evaluate a measure of household welfare represented by per-adult equivalent food expenditures. We find a significant shift of the distribution of per capita food distributions when comparing member count versus adult equivalent-based per capita distributions.     

Household Food Demand Analysis in India

Price and expenditure elasticities and estimates of the effect of household demographic variables on Indian food items are estimated using a recent household survey data in rural and urban areas. Using a linear approximate almost ideal demand system (LA/AIDS), the results indicate that for commodity groups (milk and milk products; cereals and pulses; edible oils; meat, fish, and eggs; vegetables and fruits; other foods) demand is elastic only for milk and milk products in both rural and urban areas of India. The impact of demographic variables such as region, household size, education level of household head, and seasonality, was generally significant.     

农民工工资歧视的计量分析

本文利用最新的调查数据，分析了当前农民工和城市工的工资歧视问题。本文认为，农民工和城市工的平均工资收入存在较大的差异，其中，44．8％的工资差异是由个人特征不同形成的，55．2％的工资差异要归结于歧视性因素。歧视性因素包括两个方面：一是对农民工的直接歧视，占到工资差异的36．2％；二是对城市工的制度性保护，即对农民工产生的反向歧视，占到工资差异的19．0％。     

我国贫困农村家庭食物安全状况及影响因素的实证研究

本文在深入分析食物安全、家庭食物安全内涵的基础上，利用12个国家挟贫重点县的农户调查资料，通过构建指标体系对我国贫困农村的家庭食物安全水平和程度进行衡量和评价，并对其影响因素进行了分析，结果表明：近20多年来，我国贫困农村地区的家庭食物安全水平不断提高，食物安全广度不断扩大，但是食物安全深度却出现下降；食物获得能力对家庭食物安全具有显著的正影响，提高贫困农村地区居民的收入水平和家庭粮食自给能力有助于降低家庭的食物不安全发生概率；食物可获得性对家庭食物安全具有非常显著的正影响，市场方便度越高，实现家庭食物安全的概率越高；家庭规模和家庭结构对家庭食物安全具有显著影响，随着家庭规模、家庭结构复杂程度和家庭温饱负担程度的提高，农户面临的食物不安全风险的概率也在增加。     

西部户用沼气发展现状及潜力评估

本文通过对四川、陕西、广西三省农户的调查分析.认为沼气的使用在增加西部农户收入、减少生产、生活支出及改善生活条件上发挥较重要的作用,但同时也存在技术服务滞后、沼气系统建造成本较高和农户财力不足的问题.通过对尚未修建沼气池的农户进行意愿与安装能力调查,得知农户对沼气用途认识不全面;在政府部门给予补贴的前提下绝大多数农户有需求意愿;无沼气农户安装能力在沼气发展较快地区较弱,反之,在发展较慢地区则较强.在此基础上,为西部地区农村沼气建设提供相关政策建议.     

An Assessment of Student Acceptance and Performance in Distance Education with Two-Way Interactive Compressed Video

This paper summarizes the debate concerning the value of distance education, reports distance education experiences in agricultural economics courses at The Ohio State University, and analyzes the effects of "distance" on student performance in and acceptance of the distance course. Results suggest that distance and "live" students performed equally in the same course, and they evaluated the course experience in a similar manner. These results provide some assurance that distance education, at least using the two-way interactive synchronous learning model of the courses in this study, does not place the distant student in jeopardy.     

都市农户经济发展不平衡性及根源的分析

都市农户是介于城市住户与一般农户之间的特殊群体，其经济发展路径明显有别于一般农区的农户。在大都市光环照耀下，他们的收入水平怎么样?发展均衡吗?增长速度快吗?统计数据表明：都市农户经济收入水平不足城市居民的一半，收入增长出现徘徊，而且发展极度不均衡。这一现状与国家宏观经济增长、与大都市繁荣发展形成强烈反差。本文通过对上海市定点观测户数据的统计分析，寻找造成都市农户收入两极分化的根源，为其他学者研究如何提高都市农户收入水平提供一些思路。     

Understanding Differences in Self-Reported Expenditures between Household Scanner Data and Diary Survey Data: A Comparison of Homescan and Consumer Expenditure Survey

Household scanner data contain rich information on household demographics and transactions in actual markets over a long time period. To more fully understand the characteristics of these data, we conducted an analysis to determine whether household expenditures in the Nielsen Homescan panel are similar to the Bureau of Labor Statistic's Consumer Expenditure Diary Survey. We found that many differences in reported expenditures across the two datasets can be explained by such household demographics as female head, income, and household size, for example. The largest degrees of discrepancies across datasets occur for food categories containing more random-weight foods without universal product codes.     

The Theory of the Farm Household: An Application to Saskatchewan

A theoretical model is presented which integrates the consumption and production components of the rural household. A theoretically determined system of expenditure equations, derived factor demand equations and an off-farm labor supply equation are estimated using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. From the empirical results we conclude that if the wage rate can be observed or estimated, the farm household's behavior can be explained empirically in a manner consistent with received theory. Summary and Conclusions A theoretical model integrating the consumption and production sides of the farm household or enterprise is estimated empirically using primary data for Saskatchewan farm households. The farm household was assumed to maximize its utility function subject to farm production and cash flow constraints. The empirical results indicate that the theoretical model can be estimated successfully even when data are sparse. While the coefficients for the expenditure, derived demand, and off-farm labor supply equations are consistent with coefficients from similar equations estimated separately by others, the theoretically more precise integrated approach specifies the simultaneous effect of the variables across equations. From the empirical results and the theoretical considerations it is obvious that the wage rate is a key explanatory variable in the model. The wage rate links the three components of the model–final expenditures, the derived input demands and off-farm labor hours. The wage rate is one determinant of the allocation of the operator's time (although other factors such as the nature of the operation and opportunities to work off-farm dominated in this study), and both the wage rate and the allocation of the time determine the eventual income available to the rural household. In essence, then, the problem of explaining farm household behavior when the household's business enterprise function cannot be separated from its consumption activity is similar to that of traditional models based on the theory of the firm and models of consumer behavior. The only difference is that the wage rate is observable in the traditional models but needs to be estimated as a shadow price in models which seek to explain rural household behavior. As a result, research in this area must start with an explanation of the allocation of (at least) the operator's labor and a measure of the shadow wage rate. If the entire household's allocation of time between on-farm and off-farm labor and leisure is determined, it is possible to treat its consumption and production activities separately. Further research is required to extend the model to explain household labor supply to both the farm and off-farm labor markets.     

Performance of success and failure in grassroots conservation and development interventions: Gender dynamics in participatory forest management in India

Co-governance of forests, or participatory forest management, has been a wide-spread conservation and development (C&D) intervention in India for over two decades. The practice began in the 1990s as Joint Forest Management (JFM), where local communities – organised into forest protection committees (FPCs) – worked in cooperation with various state forest departments. Later on, this intervention took shape of Community Forest Management (CFM), where communities managed their forests largely independent of the forest departments. Under both the JFM and CFM models, gender mainstreaming – enabling equal distribution of opportunities and services across genders – held a pivotal position. This study shows that despite continued marginalisation, female FPC members often performed as if initiatives were successful. Thus, the central question investigated in this paper is: "Why women performed success in participatory forest management interventions while experiencing marginalisation in the FPC?” This paper adopts an ethnographic case study methodology (immersion), utilising in-depth ethnographic case studies from three states of India for analysing performances of success and the resulting dynamics of participation, to explain the gendered nuances of the grassroots conservation and development interventions. The concept of 'situated agency' of community actors is explored to understand the practices around the performances of success in C&D interventions in forest-dependent communities in India. The paper argues that these performances hold the promise of a slow, but steady progress towards the creation of a gender-sensitive system in an otherwise patriarchal social structure.     

An Analysis of Household Beef Consumption of Japanese Expatriates in U.S.:

This paper uses a novel approach to investigate how food consumption in Japan may change as Japanese consumers become more westernised in their tastes and preferences for food. It is widely believed that as food prices in Japan fall to international levels and as Japanese consumers become more westernised in their taste and preferences for food, their meat consumption patterns, in particular, will approach those of western countries. The approach undertaken in this paper involves a comprehensive survey of Japanese expatriates in Los Angeles, California, regarding their food consumption habits. The findings are interesting as they shed some light on the changing nature of food consumption of accultured Japanese faced with competitive food prices. The results indicate that although household meat consumption of Japanese expatriates have changed, it remains debatable, however, that their food consumption habits will approach those of western consumers in the foreseeable future. The findings have important implications for food marketeers in Japan and elsewhere, particularly as further liberalisation of food import in that country gains momentum.     

农民主观福祉现状及其影响因素分析——基于5省10县农户调查资料

本文基于农户调查资料,对农民主观福祉的现状进行了分析,发现:总体而言,农民总的生活满意度较高。其中,农民对文化水平和收入的满意度最低,对婚姻、家庭以及人际关系的满意度最高。从分省的情况来看,农民的生活满意度呈现东、中、西部递减的趋势,但同省内部各县农民的满意度之间差异较小。进一步建立农民主观福祉模型,结果表明:在其它因素不变的情况下,增加人均纯收入、参加乡镇人大代表选举、成为村干部或村民代表、采用定点堆放垃圾与管道排放污水的生活方式、在村里建立正式的社会组织以及人均耕地面积增加均有助于改善农民的主观福祉状况。此外,与年纪较轻者、已婚或离异者相比,年龄较长或未婚的农民生活满意度更高。而遭遇公共安全事件以及在日常生活中感到抑郁等因素对提高农民主观福祉产生了显著的负向影响。     

浙江省城乡居民消费需求:基于扩展线性支出系统模型分析

本文运用扩展线性支出系统(ELES)模型和计量经济学的方法,分别利用浙江省城乡居民消费支出的时间序列数据和截面数据,对城乡居民的消费需求进行实证分析,以揭示浙江省城乡居民消费行为的特征、差异和变动规律。     

An economic interpretation of structural changes in the bovine population of India

Abstract

A computable general equilibrium model based on a social accounting matrix for Kenya is used to simulate the effects of 10% devaluation, 10% increased investment and 10% agricultural productivity improvement on the macro‐economy and on the real incomes of the poor. For each policy simulation two specifications for the labour markets are adopted, the first assuming unlimited supplies of labour at given nominal wages and the second fixed supplies so that wages are determined endogenously. These affect the results crucially. Under the first assumption, devaluation provides a 10% boost to real gross domestic product (GDP) and has highly favourable effects on agricultural production, exports, the current account deficit, employment and poverty. Under the second assumption, it has a largely inflationary impact, with attenuated effects on real GDP and no effect on the current account deficit. Agricultural productivity improvement is less affected by the different specifications and compares favourably with devaluation except for its smaller impact on GDP. The increased investment policy is found to be inferior on most counts. All three policies decrease poverty, though income distribution remains stable.     

Price Discrimination in the Context of Vertical Differentiation: An Application to Canadian Wheat Exports

The ability of the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) to price discriminate in wheat exports is examined. The conceptual model shows that the CWB's ability to exploit cost differences in pricing depends on the extent of differentiation between Canadian and U.S. wheat. This model is implemented using monthly confidential price data for exports to four markets from 1982 to 1994. The empirical results support the conclusions that (1) the CWB has market power emerging from product differentiation, (2) the CWB price discriminates across export markets, and (3) Alchian–Allen effects are important in pricing in markets valuing quality such as Japan and the United Kingdom.     

基于农户调查的重庆市农村土地流转研究

研究目的：探明农村土地流转形式、影响因素和流转后农民的生活保障,了解农民对土地流转的意愿。研究方法：问卷调查,统计分析。研究结果：户主的文化程度对土地流转的影响不大;家庭人均收入水平越高,发生土地流转的比例也越高;离城镇或交通线路近,发生土地流转的比例高;土地流转实现形式主要是自己联系、承租人联系和集体组织;土地转让后的生活保障主要靠外出务工。土地流转的期望收益平均在540元/亩,土地流转方式以免费送给亲戚和租给他人或企业为主,土地流转的时间以1 — 2年为主,土地流转的管理方式希望通过集体组织管理。研究结论：农村土地流转受农户家庭收入、农户所处的区位条件等影响;政府应加强法律、法规建设,加快土地流转市场化;尽快健全与完善农村社会保障体系;发挥政府公共服务职能,规范土地流转管理,引导农民对土地流转的新认识。     

印度农村金融体系和运行绩效评介

印度农村金融体系的建立有强烈的政府干预色彩,尽管取得了较为显著的经济绩效,但也日渐反映出经营效率和可持续发展问题,深刻认识这些问题及其成因对于建立并完善我国的农村金融体系有着重要的意义。