“珠三角”地区经济增长与土地制度变革的理论分析

“珠三角”地区二十余年的经济增长是在市场经济转轨过程中取得的。土地制度变革对经济增长具有基础性的推动作用。主要表现在市场经济环境下，土地要素市场的发育和土地产权制度的确立。这是土地所有权和使用权分离，国家向土地权利主体让渡权利的结果。     

AIDS,Economic Growth and the Epidemic Trap in Africa

Most studies find that AIDS has a relatively weak impact on economic growth because they assume that it affects only one flow variable and only in the short term (the flow of labour available and capable of working at a time t in the economy). But AIDS also has a long-term impact on stock variables that existing models do not take into account, specifically, on both human and physical capital. Integrating these two impacts in a growth model with multiple accumulation factors reverses the findings of standard impact evaluations. A fairly wide range of epidemic effects modifies the economy's long-term growth regime, creating what we might call an epidemic or regressive “trap”. Government action should be designed in view of this risk and should intervene preferentially in favour of human capital, through health and educational spending. Finally, this model changes the cost-efficiency calculations about expanding antiretroviral therapies to a large part of the working population and indicates that such treatment is substantially more cost-efficient than initially thought.     

Trade Policy,Equipment Investment and Growth in India

The relationship between trade policy and economic performance is one of the oldest controversies in economic development. In this paper, we examine an alternative mechanism through which trade reforms may impact on economic growth to those commonly discussed in the literature. This mechanism builds on the link between equipment investment and growth that has been observed in cross-country data. We argue that that in countries which have had highly restrictive trade policies with respect to capital goods, liberalization measures that specifically target capital goods imports may bring about a fall in the relative price of capital goods, leading to an increase in the rate of investment in equipment. Quantifying the link between trade policy, equipment investment and economic growth in the Indian case, we find strong support for this mechanism.     

Employment Growth, Worker Mobility, and Rural Economic Development

A county-level labor market model is estimated for North Carolina. The model accounts for inter-county commuting, migration, and within-county adjustments to labor demand shocks. Econometric results indicate that most employment growth (70–80%) during the 1980s was accommodated by changes in commuting flows. Evidence is also presented indicating that labor force growth—and, by extension, population growth and associated fiscal impacts—in rural counties is sensitive to employment growth in nearby urban counties. These results highlight two opposing forces related to spatial spillovers that are usually neglected in analyses of the economic and fiscal impacts of employment growth.     

Trade Liberalization,Policy Reform and the U.S. Sugar Industry

This study examines the prospects for and potential impacts of liberalized international trade in sugar. It utilizes a state specific, cost of production based estimate of U.S. sugar supply to examine producer surplus under the current sugar policy regime and under a free trade scenario. It also evaluates the long-term viability of sugar production in individual states at free market prices.     

经济增长与缓解贫困:趋势、差异与作用

本文利用1993-2004年分省的经济增长和贫困数据分析了全国和不同地区经济增长和贫困人口变化的趋势，计算了总的经济增长和部门经济增长对不同地区贫困人口减少的弹性。结果表明，经济增长对贫困人口的减少起到了重要的作用，但缓解贫困不仅要靠经济增长，更重要的是要提高经济增长的减贫弹性，使穷人更多地从经济增长中受益，而农业部门的增长具有更高的减贫弹性。     

经济增长、收入分配与贫困:估计贫困的增长弹性

经济增长和收入分配在很大程度上决定着人类反贫困的进程,探讨增长、分配和贫困之间的关系,估计贫困的增长弹性具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文采用60个发展中国家(地区)在过去20多年的数据对贫困的增长弹性进行了估计。     

深化农村经营体制改革的路径及政策选择

本文在详细分析我国现行农村经营体制存在的现实问题的基础上,提出以土地产权制度改革入手完善农民家庭承包经营权,重构农村合作经济组织以完善双层经营体制,完善土地法规制度以发展农业规模性经营,并应加快配套制度建设的政策建议。     

兵团经济结构:现状、调整重点及政策需求

经济结构调整是指国家运用经济的、法律的和必要的行政手段,改变现有的经济结构状况,使之合理化、完善化,进一步适应生产力发展的过程。经济结构的调整主要包括产业结构、所有制结构、区域结构、产品结构的调整。其中起决定作用的是产业结构的调整。     

城乡二元经济结构:测定、变动趋势及政策选择

区别于传统的农业和非农业两部门分析法,本文以乡村和城镇两部门为基础构建了一种新方法,以更好地测定中国二元经济结构强度。结果表明,改革开放以来中国城乡二元经济结构的强度呈弱化趋势,引致二元经济结构弱化的主要原因是以乡镇企业为代表的乡村第二、三产业发展;1992年是中国经济上的城乡关系与工农关系的分野点,1992年之前经济上的城乡关系与工农关系是统一的,但从1992年开始城乡关系开始与工农关系分离,经济上的工农关系已不能代表城乡关系。     

Understanding the Economic Factors Influencing Farm Policy Preferences

A survey conducted in Mississippi, Texas, Indiana, and Nebraska elicited producers' preferences for various farm policy changes. This permitted examination of the diversity of preferences that single-state studies have not allowed. Five policy choices, including deficiency payments, loan programs, crop insurance, export programs, and disaster payments were examined. Logit model results predicting producer preferences for each of the five dichotomous policy choices are reported. Explanatory variables based on expected utility theory such as risk aversion, price and yield variability, and price–yield correlation are significant in various models.     

生态公益林建设成本效益分析及政策建议

在生态公益林建设中,若干个具有共同利益的组织或个人组成了利益集团,这些集团成员既有有共同的利益,又具有不同于共同利益的个人利益。分析了集团各成员的成本函数和收益函数,提出了采取多项措施,积极促进普通公众和受益地方政府对生态公益林建设的投入以及提高经营者和有关地方政府进行生态建设与保护的预期净收益等建议。     

适应改革新形势 创新林政管理

保护好森林资源、维护好林农利益、保持林区稳定才是林政管理的本质内容和长期任务。我们经常混淆经营与管理,政府职能部门既为管理者又象生产经营单位。政府部门不应有经营职能。林农是生产经营的主体,林政管理应落实好林农的主体地位,切实还权还利,引导林农科学经营。林政管理不能把林农当成监管对象,要切实转变管理观念,管理职能和管理方式,集中精力把该管的事情管好,要在分类经营的原则下实现分类管理。     

Assessing a Policy Grab Bag: Federal Water Policy Reform

This article examines the economic impacts of policy alternatives for addressing allocative inefficiencies among agricultural, urban, and environmental uses of federal water. The Central Valley Project Improvement Act, composed of multiple incentive–based and command–and–control policies, forms the context for this analysis. Estimated multi–output agricultural revenue functions and urban water demand functions are incorporated into a nonlinear programming model designed to predict changes in water use, returns to agriculture, and urban consumer surplus. Results suggest that analysis that does not explicitly model policy instruments implemented at sub–optimal levels and, as part of a package of reforms, could over– or underestimate the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of each policy instrument.     

OECD国家农业支持和政策改革

无论从绝对金额上看还是从单位劳动力或单位面积来观察,OECD国家为其农业部门都提供了巨额的支持和补贴。支持主要是通过一些对生产和贸易有极大扭曲作用的政策措施。从20世纪80年代末期以来,OECD国家进行了各种不同形式的政策改革。但总体上看,改革不仅步伐缓慢,而且效果十分有限。今后,OECD国家应该减少价格干预,采取与生产脱钩、更有效率的措施,对农业政策进行实质性的改革,大幅削减支持水平。