“珠三角”地区经济增长与土地制度变革的理论分析

“珠三角”地区二十余年的经济增长是在市场经济转轨过程中取得的。土地制度变革对经济增长具有基础性的推动作用。主要表现在市场经济环境下，土地要素市场的发育和土地产权制度的确立。这是土地所有权和使用权分离，国家向土地权利主体让渡权利的结果。     

Economic Growth,Globalisation and Beer Consumption

We analyse the evolution of beer consumption between countries and over time. Historically, there have been major changes in beer consumption in the world. In recent times, per capita consumption has decreased in traditional beer drinking countries while it increased strongly in emerging economies. Recently, China has overtaken the US as the largest beer economy. A quantitative empirical analysis studies the relationships among economic growth, globalisation and beer consumption. The relationship between income and beer consumption has an inverse U‐shape. Beer consumption initially increases with rising incomes; but at higher levels of income beer consumption falls. Increased globalisation has contributed to a convergence in alcohol consumption patterns across countries. In countries that were originally beer drinking countries, the share of beer in total alcohol consumption reduced, while this is not the case in countries which traditionally drank mostly wine or spirits.     

AIDS,Economic Growth and the Epidemic Trap in Africa

Most studies find that AIDS has a relatively weak impact on economic growth because they assume that it affects only one flow variable and only in the short term (the flow of labour available and capable of working at a time t in the economy). But AIDS also has a long-term impact on stock variables that existing models do not take into account, specifically, on both human and physical capital. Integrating these two impacts in a growth model with multiple accumulation factors reverses the findings of standard impact evaluations. A fairly wide range of epidemic effects modifies the economy's long-term growth regime, creating what we might call an epidemic or regressive “trap”. Government action should be designed in view of this risk and should intervene preferentially in favour of human capital, through health and educational spending. Finally, this model changes the cost-efficiency calculations about expanding antiretroviral therapies to a large part of the working population and indicates that such treatment is substantially more cost-efficient than initially thought.     

Trade Policy,Equipment Investment and Growth in India

The relationship between trade policy and economic performance is one of the oldest controversies in economic development. In this paper, we examine an alternative mechanism through which trade reforms may impact on economic growth to those commonly discussed in the literature. This mechanism builds on the link between equipment investment and growth that has been observed in cross-country data. We argue that that in countries which have had highly restrictive trade policies with respect to capital goods, liberalization measures that specifically target capital goods imports may bring about a fall in the relative price of capital goods, leading to an increase in the rate of investment in equipment. Quantifying the link between trade policy, equipment investment and economic growth in the Indian case, we find strong support for this mechanism.     

Employment Growth, Worker Mobility, and Rural Economic Development

A county-level labor market model is estimated for North Carolina. The model accounts for inter-county commuting, migration, and within-county adjustments to labor demand shocks. Econometric results indicate that most employment growth (70–80%) during the 1980s was accommodated by changes in commuting flows. Evidence is also presented indicating that labor force growth—and, by extension, population growth and associated fiscal impacts—in rural counties is sensitive to employment growth in nearby urban counties. These results highlight two opposing forces related to spatial spillovers that are usually neglected in analyses of the economic and fiscal impacts of employment growth.     

Trade Liberalization,Policy Reform and the U.S. Sugar Industry

This study examines the prospects for and potential impacts of liberalized international trade in sugar. It utilizes a state specific, cost of production based estimate of U.S. sugar supply to examine producer surplus under the current sugar policy regime and under a free trade scenario. It also evaluates the long-term viability of sugar production in individual states at free market prices.     

经济增长与缓解贫困:趋势、差异与作用

本文利用1993-2004年分省的经济增长和贫困数据分析了全国和不同地区经济增长和贫困人口变化的趋势，计算了总的经济增长和部门经济增长对不同地区贫困人口减少的弹性。结果表明，经济增长对贫困人口的减少起到了重要的作用，但缓解贫困不仅要靠经济增长，更重要的是要提高经济增长的减贫弹性，使穷人更多地从经济增长中受益，而农业部门的增长具有更高的减贫弹性。     

经济增长、收入分配与贫困:估计贫困的增长弹性

经济增长和收入分配在很大程度上决定着人类反贫困的进程,探讨增长、分配和贫困之间的关系,估计贫困的增长弹性具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文采用60个发展中国家(地区)在过去20多年的数据对贫困的增长弹性进行了估计。     

深化农村经营体制改革的路径及政策选择

本文在详细分析我国现行农村经营体制存在的现实问题的基础上,提出以土地产权制度改革入手完善农民家庭承包经营权,重构农村合作经济组织以完善双层经营体制,完善土地法规制度以发展农业规模性经营,并应加快配套制度建设的政策建议。     

European Sugar Policy Reform and Agricultural Innovation

In July 2006, the European Union's (EU) Common Market Organization (CMO) for sugar underwent the first radical reform since its establishment in 1968. In this article, we study the incentives for adoption of new technologies before and after the policy reform. We build a stochastic partial equilibrium model and use it to analyze the effect of the policy reform on the adoption incentives of genetically modified herbicide tolerant sugar beet. Our findings show that the adoption incentives of high‐cost sugar beet farmers are significantly reduced under the new CMO. Medium‐cost producers, in contrast, have greater incentives to adopt new technologies, while low‐cost producers are largely left unaffected. The reduced adoption incentives of high‐cost farmers lead to lower flexibility and competitiveness of these farmers and therefore coincides with the goals of the reform to crowd out high‐cost producers and increase competitiveness of the European sugar market. En juillet 2006, l'Organisation commune du marché (OCM) du sucre a subi sa première réforme radicale depuis sa mise en place par l'UE en 1968. Dans la présente étude, nous avons examiné les incitatifs offerts pour l'adoption de nouvelles technologies, avant et après la réforme. Nous avons élaboré un modèle stochastique d'équilibre partiel et l'avons utilisé pour analyser les répercussions de la réforme sur les incitatifs offerts pour l'adoption de variétés de betteraves sucrières génétiquement modifiées résistantes aux herbicides. Selon nos résultats, les incitatifs offerts aux producteurs de betterave sucrière ayant des coûts marginaux élevés ont significativement diminué depuis la réforme de l'OCM du sucre. Par contre, les incitatifs offerts aux producteurs ayant des coûts marginaux moyens se sont accrus, tandis que ceux offerts aux producteurs ayant de faibles coûts marginaux n'ont pas changé. La diminution des incitatifs offerts aux producteurs ayant des coûts marginaux élevés entraîne une diminution de la souplesse et de la capacité concurrentielle de ces producteurs et, par conséquent, coïncide avec les objectifs de la réforme qui visent àévincer les producteurs ayant des coûts marginaux élevés et à accroître la capacité concurrentielle du marché européen du sucre.     

兵团经济结构:现状、调整重点及政策需求

经济结构调整是指国家运用经济的、法律的和必要的行政手段,改变现有的经济结构状况,使之合理化、完善化,进一步适应生产力发展的过程。经济结构的调整主要包括产业结构、所有制结构、区域结构、产品结构的调整。其中起决定作用的是产业结构的调整。     

城乡二元经济结构:测定、变动趋势及政策选择

区别于传统的农业和非农业两部门分析法,本文以乡村和城镇两部门为基础构建了一种新方法,以更好地测定中国二元经济结构强度。结果表明,改革开放以来中国城乡二元经济结构的强度呈弱化趋势,引致二元经济结构弱化的主要原因是以乡镇企业为代表的乡村第二、三产业发展;1992年是中国经济上的城乡关系与工农关系的分野点,1992年之前经济上的城乡关系与工农关系是统一的,但从1992年开始城乡关系开始与工农关系分离,经济上的工农关系已不能代表城乡关系。     

Understanding the Economic Factors Influencing Farm Policy Preferences

A survey conducted in Mississippi, Texas, Indiana, and Nebraska elicited producers' preferences for various farm policy changes. This permitted examination of the diversity of preferences that single-state studies have not allowed. Five policy choices, including deficiency payments, loan programs, crop insurance, export programs, and disaster payments were examined. Logit model results predicting producer preferences for each of the five dichotomous policy choices are reported. Explanatory variables based on expected utility theory such as risk aversion, price and yield variability, and price–yield correlation are significant in various models.     

生态公益林建设成本效益分析及政策建议

在生态公益林建设中,若干个具有共同利益的组织或个人组成了利益集团,这些集团成员既有有共同的利益,又具有不同于共同利益的个人利益。分析了集团各成员的成本函数和收益函数,提出了采取多项措施,积极促进普通公众和受益地方政府对生态公益林建设的投入以及提高经营者和有关地方政府进行生态建设与保护的预期净收益等建议。     

Structural Change and Policy Reform in the UK Dairy Sector

Estimation of a cost function for a representative sample of UK dairy producers allows future re‐structuring of the industry to be simulated using a model which incorporates producers' differential costs and milk prices. Consideration is also given to reductions in producer prices and to the introduction of an A/B quota system. The results indicate that, despite the history of quota trading in the UK, there is considerable scope for further restructuring in the industry to take advantage of differential incentives between producers. It is also projected that UK milk supply would increase if quota restrictions were removed.     

适应改革新形势 创新林政管理

保护好森林资源、维护好林农利益、保持林区稳定才是林政管理的本质内容和长期任务。我们经常混淆经营与管理,政府职能部门既为管理者又象生产经营单位。政府部门不应有经营职能。林农是生产经营的主体,林政管理应落实好林农的主体地位,切实还权还利,引导林农科学经营。林政管理不能把林农当成监管对象,要切实转变管理观念,管理职能和管理方式,集中精力把该管的事情管好,要在分类经营的原则下实现分类管理。