Factors Affecting Capacity Utilisation in English Channel Fisheries

The harvesting capacity of the European fishing fleet far exceeds the reproductive potential of the resource base. As a result, most European Union fisheries are both biologically and economically over‐exploited. A series of fleet‐reduction policies have been introduced in order to bring the harvesting capacity in line with target output levels. However, the existence of unutilised capacity may reduce the effectiveness of these schemes as the remaining vessels may increase their individual capacity utilisation (CU), thus offsetting the effects of fleet reduction. In this paper, the effects of stock abundance, output prices, fuel prices and fleet size on the rate of capacity utilisation are examined for a range of UK fleet segments operating in the English Channel. Estimates of CU are derived using data envelopment analysis. Results indicate that the average beam trawl vessel, using existing physical inputs, could potentially increase its revenue by a further 50%, assuming current fish stock levels and unrestricted access to resources. The average gill net vessel could similarly increase its output by 43%, scallop dredge by 28% and otter trawl by 14%. The results suggest that changes in stock abundance are the main factor affecting CU, with no significant trends being observed for the economic variables.     

论捕捞业法律制度和政策问题

本文探讨了捕捞业的特点以及捕捞业法律制度和政策应追求的多重目标,分析了现行法律制度和政策存在的问题。建议在物权法学和行政法学理论的指导下,重构捕捞许可制度,厘清和调整捕捞许可的管辖权,允许捕捞权经批准后有序流转,制定“捕捞渔区划分和命名”标准,完善行政配置捕捞渔区的法律程序,建立捕捞渔具渔法认证,完善捕捞生产信息记录及申报制度,积极地开展与八个海洋邻国间的渔业合作,加强对负面影响渔业发展的非渔业活动的管治,以便更好地明晰捕捞证作为用益物权表征和行政管理工具的双重属性,保护捕捞权人的合法权利,保护渔业生态环境,营造公平的竞争环境,促进捕捞生产效益的提高。     

中国渔业生产性政策变迁对产业发展的影响浅析

论文总结了2011年国家出台的《十二五规划纲要》中涉及渔业生产生活发展的规划,并重点从渔业历史发展的角度对水产养殖、捕捞等生产性渔业政策进行了总结回顾。我国实行积极的、不断完善的、因势利导的渔业生产性政策,使得渔业生产总量持续稳定增长,渔业产业结构不断优化,渔业效益和“三渔”发展不断提高。分析表明,渔业生产性政策对渔业产业生产、结构调整和效益增减具有重要影响。为此,论文在总结我国渔业产业发展趋势基础上提出了提高水产品发展质量、加快现代化渔业建设和培育新型渔业经营主体等对策建议。     

湛江海洋捕捞业的发展及面临的挑战

湛江地处祖国大陆最南端的雷州半岛,三面环海,海岸线占全国的8%以上,海洋渔业资源极其丰富,为湛江发展海洋捕捞业提供了良好的条件。论文从捕捞产量、渔船结构、劳动力结构、技术进步以及资金投入等方面介绍了湛江海洋捕捞业的发展现状,定量分析了捕捞量以及捕捞效率两个方面的影响因素。随着2004年中越北部湾渔业协定的生效,湛江海洋捕捞传统作业区域大大减少,捕捞能力过剩问题更加突出。同时,湛江海洋捕捞业还面临诸如捕捞基础设施不足、科技含量偏低、转产转业难度大等诸多问题,亟待在今后的发展过程中逐步完善。     

从樟州渔村看我国渔业发展的几个问题

为深入基层了解渔区渔业情况,践行我部“接地气、察民情”实践活动要求,我们来到重点渔区浙江省舟山市樟州村,实地调研渔业发展和渔业管理工作。调研了解到,我国海洋渔业的可持续发展面临挑战,渔业安全生产尚存薄弱环节,渔业政策和管理措施的执行力需要加强。渔业的可持续发展,要下大力气调结构、转方式,建设现代渔业,同时要控制捕捞强度、养护渔业资源。要努力构建渔业安全生产长效机制,保障渔业生产安全。渔业政策和管理措施的有效执行,在于政策设计科学,可操作性强,宣传到位并得到理解支持,要重视执法能力的建设。     

“渔民、渔业、渔村”逻辑与悖论——以龙海市浯屿村渔业调查为例

"渔民、渔业、渔村"问题,随着渔业生产力发展,渔区体制改革,捕捞渔区的渔民就业结构、渔业的产业升级、渔村的新社会主义农村建设等,发生了根本性的变化。以历史唯物主义的观点来考察新渔区的一系列生产力基础变化,厘清"渔民、渔业、渔村"逻辑关系,对于渔业现代化的政策选择是很重要的。本报告以福建省龙海市浯屿村渔业为例,进行社会学调查,分析了渔民与渔业、渔业与渔村、渔村与渔民之间的关系,讨论了渔业劳动者称谓,渔区阶层分化,新一代捕捞劳动者的断裂和捕捞业渔区的孤岛现象。研究结果认为,社会主义市场经济进程中,渔民、渔业、渔村这三者的逻辑关系已明显断裂,政府作为弥补市场经济的缺陷,要重视新渔区出现的社会微观基础变化,以政府导向,政策取舍,进一步不断探索出台适合现阶段渔区发展中渔民、渔业、渔村非必然逻辑关系的政策与措施。     

Trends in the economic capacity of the Danish fishing fleet, 1996-2002

The Danish fishing industry has gone through a turbulent period of declining catches and modest economic performance. In order to address these concerns, capacity reduction initiatives, mainly through vessel decommissioning, have sought to relieve pressure on fish stocks and improve the profitability of fishing vessels that remain in the fishery. It is the main purpose of this paper to analyse the capacity utilization trends of the four main commercial fleet segments of trawlers, netters, Danish seiners and industrial (fish for reduction) vessels. Annual cost and earnings data (1996-2002) for fishing vessels of the various fleets are applied to three data envelopment analysis models, which evaluate capacity utilization in terms of catch volume, catch revenue and short-run profit. Results suggest that considerable cutbacks in fleet capacity are required, in the range of 30-50%, if full capacity utilization is to be achieved. A preliminary discussion with respect to the impact of fleet capacity reduction initiatives on fleet performance concludes the paper.     

Individual fishing quotas and fishing capacity in the US Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery

Overcapacity (OC) and excess capacity (EC) are serious obstacles affecting the sound management of commercial fisheries around the world. The use of individual fishing quotas (IFQs) has been proposed as a promising management tool to cope with these challenges. However, the empirical evidence on the efficacy of this instrument is scarce. Drawing on a stochastic distance frontier analysis, we investigate the impact of the US Gulf of Mexico red snapper IFQ program on fishing capacity, capacity utilisation (CU) and OC. The paper also offers an alternative approach to compute species‐specific capacity measurements for multispecies fisheries. Our findings show that following the introduction of the IFQ program, fishing capacity decreased, primarily due to the exit of a large number of fishing vessels. CU increased marginally indicating modest decreases in EC. Conversely, we find that OC remains high. Our estimates suggest that about one‐fifth of the actual fleet could harvest the entire quota.     

On the Transmission Mechanism of Policy Shocks in Developing Countries

The debate over the effectiveness of demand-side stabilizing policies has often centred over the relative effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies. Demand- and supply-side constraints are both relevant. On the supply side, price flexibility may be the result of structural and/or institutional constraints that warrant a larger degree of price adjustment in the face of demand fluctuations. On the demand side, structural constraints may hinder the transmission mechanism of demand fluctuations, resulting in an inelastic aggregate demand in the face of policy adjustments. Using data for 50 developing countries, supply-side constraints do not differentiate the transmission mechanism of policy shocks to price inflation and output growth. In contrast, a larger demand shift in the face of monetary and government spending shocks increases the real and inflationary effects of policy shocks. The pronounced evidence of upward price flexibility points to the importance of addressing supply-side capacity constraints to counter inflationary pressures in developing countries. Equally important is to analyse determinants of private spending to identify channels for influencing aggregate spending and maximizing the effectiveness of stabilization policies.     

吉林省渔民对渔业技术需求的调查分析

根据调查资料,描述了渔民一般性生产需求类型分布和渔民对渔业技术需求的强度和类型,从渔业技术用户角度分析渔民学习渔业技术的途径及影响渔民对渔业技术需求的主要因素,分析认为:渔民需求最大的是市场信息、市场服务、渔业生产技术和资金等;渔民获取渔业技术的主要渠道是渔业技术人员技术指导、新闻媒体和邻里效应;在影响渔民对渔业技术需求的主要因素中,资金不足、自然条件差、收益小、投资风险大、技术推广缺位、劳动力不足、政策不到位等因素较为突出,但是不同生产状况的渔民对渔业技术需求的强度与需求类型有较大的差异,因此必须针对不同层次渔民的实际情况,解决其投资渔业生产项目、学习渔业生产技术的制约因素。     

渔船作业效率及政策研究

本文使用随机前沿生产模型研究了沿海某市渔船的作业效率,结果显示:抽样渔船的平均作业效率只有33%;渔船出海频率过高和性能落后是导致其效率低下的主要原因;船员工资的增加则提高了生产效率。为了提高渔船作业效率,建议采取以下措施:保持和增加资源存量,进一步降低捕捞强度,提高渔船的准入门槛、进行技术扶持、引入外部资金以及帮助渔民转产转业等。     

马来西亚的渔业管理与执法体制

本文介绍了马来西亚渔业的发展政策、许可制度、执法以及对外国渔船的管理等状况,以供我国渔业管理部门参考。     

No‐take marine reserves and illegal fishing under imperfect enforcement

No‐take marine reserves have been increasingly advocated as an effective means of supporting marine ecosystems and conserving fisheries resources. A major problem that can hinder the effectiveness of no‐take reserves is the incidence of illegal fishing, which has created significant ecological and economic losses in global fisheries. We construct a bioeconomic model to explore the connection between the effects of no‐take reserves and illegal fishing activities in relation to the level of regulatory control of illegal activities in the reserve and fished areas. Our parameterised model shows that the effects of no‐take reserves on both the extent of illegal fishing and the fish biomass critically depend on illegal fishing regulations and the scale and patterns of fish dispersal. In a fishery where illegal fishing can only be partially controlled, increasing the size of the no‐take reserve may result in a lose‐lose situation in which the level of illegal fishing effort increases and the total biomass decreases. Our results further show that when the pattern of fish dispersal is density dependent, imposing a stricter control on illegal fishing in either reserves or fished areas increases the aggregate level of illegal fishing.     

宁波市海水产品产量预测与对策

论文利用1990～2009年的宁波市海水产品产量的统计数据,运用灰色系统理论建立海洋捕捞和海洋养殖及水产品总量的GM（1,1）模型,对宁波市海水产品产量做出了近期预测,预测结果较为合理。在对宁波市海洋渔业现状及预测结果分析的基础上,论文认为资源与环境的刚性约束将成为今后长时期制约宁波市渔业可持续发展的主要因素,对此提出了相应的政策建议以促进宁波市海洋渔业产量稳步增长。     

MATCHING FISHING CAPACITY TO THE CATCHES AVAILABLE: A PROBLEM IN RESOURCE ALLOCATION

Fish populations are examples of open-access renewable resources, and they are harvested by hunting. Fishery management is analogous to the management of the cropping of a wood, in which the trees are invisible, and keep moving around. Economic factors drive fishing fleets to a state of excess capacity and zero return to capital employed. Some form of regulation seems to be essential to enable a viable fishing industry which can regenerate its own capital to survive. The problems of management are exacerbated by excess capacity: it would be desirable if the size of the fishing fleet were matched to that required to catch the fish available. A novel method for estimating the size of fleet for which full-time fishing opportunities exist has been developed, but no mechanism exists to stimulate the development of the fleet towards that size. This, and the absence of a proper system of enforcement of internationally agreed quotas are the principal problems of fishery management.     

基于灰色系统模型的山东省渔业产量增长预测分析

灰色系统理论在经济、科教、工农业、气象、军事等众多领域都有广泛应用。本文以山东省渔业产业为研究对象,选取利用外资、技术推广投入、新增固定资产、渔船总吨、渔业人口、渔业科研教育投入这个六个影响因素与渔业产值进行灰色关联分析,结果发现,山东省渔业产业仍属于资本密集型产业,资本投入与资产扩张对渔业产值增长的影响较大,而渔业基础研究对产值的贡献率很小。利用灰色预测模型对山东省1995～2009年的水产品总量数据进行预测分析的结果与《山东省渔业振兴规划(2011～2015年)》中提到的预期目标差距也较大。在对实证结果进行充分讨论的基础上,文章最后探讨了在蓝色经济区建设背景下振兴山东渔业产业的几点政策建议。     

Multi-Output, Nonfrontier Primal Measures of Capacity and Capacity Utilization

This article implements an econometric approach for generating primal capacity output and utilization measures for fisheries. In situations where regulatory, environmental, and resource conditions affect catch levels but are not independently identified in the data, frontier-based capacity models may interpret such impacts as production inefficiency. However, if such inefficiencies are unlikely to be eliminated, the implied potential output increases may be unrealistic. We develop a multi-output, multi-input stochastic transformation function framework that permits various assumptions about how output composition may change when operating at full capacity. We apply our model to catcher-processor vessels in the Alaskan pollock fishery.     

关于渔业用油补贴政策的完善探讨

本文分析了石油价格改革后福建省的渔业用油补贴政策,并且针对该政策在补贴原则、对象和标准等方面的不足,提出补贴受益者应为从事第一产业的所有机动渔船在册渔民,补贴政策应体现出船网工具指标的控制、海洋捕捞业作业结构调整等渔业大政策的意图。     

论渔港经济区建设

渔港经济区是一种以渔港为中心的经济、社会功能区.它为转产渔民的发展、渔业产业化、海洋产业结构优化、海洋经济聚集带形成提供了平台.现代渔港经济区建设,要统一规划,分类指导;政策引导,资金扶持;科技领先,文化提升.     

A GAME THEORY ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA INDUSTRY

Game theory offers an alternative approach to standard means of resource assessment which can be of value in the definition and assessment of policy options for competing parties. Using a Nash co-operative game it has been possible in this paper to show the significance of fishing strategies for southern bluefin tuna which take into account the age distribution of the catch. Assuming Japan and Australia act according to a cooperative game then the optimal fishing strategy was found to involve Australia avoiding the fishing of the very young cohorts and Japan taking a moderate catch in subsequent older age classes but not the oldest of the age classes. Sub-optimal strategies were also presented and evaluated along with an indication of the level of biomass associated with different strategies. It was concluded that harvesting policies need to be developed both according to weight of fish harvested and age class.