韩国的东北亚战略及对黑龙江省的影响

2003年2月上台的卢武铉政府,提出了与以往政府有别的、新的国家战略思想。韩国政府宣布了东北亚时代的到来。提出了将“建设和平与繁荣的东北亚时代”作为三大施政目标之一。而其中将韩国构建成为东北亚经济中心国家这一经济领域的核心国政课题,更是引起了世人的瞩目。这一战略的实施,不仅会对韩国国内产生重大影响,也会对我省与韩国开展经贸往来产生深远影响。     

How Effective Is Government Support for Korean Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises?*

Women entrepreneurs are not as involved in economic activities as should be expected, despite the growing number of women entrepreneurs and increased government support in Korea. This study aims to investigate how effective the government is in terms of boosting the satisfaction of women entrepreneurs using the structural equation model. We investigated causal effect of government support policy and government support process on women entrepreneurs' satisfaction along with many other personal factors such as individual capacity, family life, social network, and business environment. The empirical results show that the government support process has the highest effect on the improvement of the satisfaction of women entrepreneurs. However, the current level of government support process is relatively low and therefore needs to be improved. It is interesting to note that the government support policy has the least effect on the satisfaction of women entrepreneurs. That is, women entrepreneurs are not sensitive to the support scale, support program, and gender‐sensitive policies currently employed in Korea. Also, we obtain the satisfaction index of women entrepreneurs according to their marital status, presence of children, age, education level, and business type. Finally, we propose improvement plans that can effectively be activated for each business type in which women entrepreneurs are involved.     

转型时期政府职能的完善

市场经济条件下,政府与市场的关系决定了政府的职能,但在我国经济转型时期,政府职能还没有转变,政府失职的地方还很多,这成为市场经济发展的障碍。因此,要规范政府的行为,完善政府的职能,以促进国民经济稳定健康的运行。     

Weak Business Culture as an Antecedent of Economic Crisis: The Case of Iceland

The authors of this article contend that traditional corruption, which was largely blamed for the current situation in the Icelandic economy, was perhaps not the most fundamental reason for the ensuing crisis. The weak business culture and a symbiosis of business and politics have actually allowed for the bulk of self-serving and unethical decisions made by the Icelandic business and political elite. In order to illustrate this point, 10 expert interviews have been conducted within the period of 6 months in 2009 to support in-depth research carried out by the authors. The article also discloses questionable business practices that have recently come to the attention of the public both in Iceland and abroad and that ultimately facilitated the downfall of the Icelandic economy. While traditional corruption has probably played its role in this downfall, the measures currently employed to determine its level did not account for various peculiarities of Icelandic society. The article thus argues that there was a high level of corruption in Iceland, but it was outside of the traditional definition. This other corruption has ultimately prevented the government from acting appropriately upon the questionable business practices mentioned above. The article also offers some general recommendations which should be useful to both policy makers and business leaders wishing to engage in business activities in a transparent, ethical manner and learn from the tragic Icelandic experience. Among these recommendations are the necessity to recognize the limitations of current definitions of corruption, as well as a word of caution to commercial enterprises to pay a close attention not only to commonly accepted indices and mainstream reports but also to a country’s history, culture, and political environment, prior to making any sort of investment decisions in that country.     

Recent Changes in Korea's Business Environment: Views of Foreign Business People in Korea

This article attempts to assess changes in the Korean business environment after the 1997 financial crisis from a foreign perspective. To this end, a comprehensive survey has been conducted of foreign business people in Korea. Although Korea has undertaken various policy measures and all-out efforts to improve its business environment in the recent past, the present study shows that foreign business people have in general a negative view on the progress. It further shows that there is substantial room for improvement in numerous areas. Not only should excessive government regulations and bureaucratic power be removed, but unfair advantages bestowed on domestic firms, inflexibility in the labour market and living conditions of foreign expatriates should also be improved. Korean people need to become more open and amicable to foreigners and foreign business operations in Korea.     

Small and Medium Enterprises in Korea: Achievements,Constraints and Policy Issues

This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the small and medium enterprise sector in Korea during the past quarter century. It shows how the industrial structure of Korea has changed dramatically over this period reflecting much greater shares in employment and value added by SMEs. It reviews the evidence on SME dynamism showing that SMEs have contributed to the enormous transformations that have taken place in the Korean economy since 1975, especially with regard to exports, foreign investment and productivity performance. It discusses the role of subcontracting as well as that of government and non-governmental institutions in supporting SME development. Finally, it examines the link between variations in the economic importance of SMEs, as measured by their shares in employment, and aspects of growth and inequality to assess whether SMEs function as business cycle shock absorbers and inequality-reducing mechanisms.     

Doing business in Poland: What U.S. managers need to know

Poland has been and continues to be the leader of the transition economies of Eastern Europe. This study provides an in‐depth look at the ongoing economic, legal, and administrative policies of the Polish government in laying the ground‐work for a free‐market society. With the smaller business in mind, we first examine how the government of Poland moved decisively to lay the cornerstone for a private‐sector economy. Next, we demonstrate how Poland redirected its political and legal processes for long‐term global business. Finally, we describe what the U.S. government is doing to help Poland become a better trading partner and what this means to interested American firms. While there are many deep‐seated positive changes throughout Poland as it becomes a more significant global business player, there also are many challenges that must be understood by interested U.S. businesses if their investments in Poland are to be successful. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Dirt of whitewashing: re-conceptualising debtors’ obligations in Chinese business by transplanting bankruptcy law to early British Hong Kong (1860s–1880s)

This article, drawing on a wide range of archived materials, and using one of the earliest sets of English business law imported to Hong Kong – the Bankruptcy Ordinance of 1864 – as a case study, argues that the transplantation of the English bankruptcy regime into early colonial Hong Kong was contrary to the business interests of both the European and Chinese communities and wrongfully displaced the traditional Chinese business norms and practices that had contributed to the health of the colonial economy prior to the regime's introduction. This article constitutes one of the first empirical studies to place English business law and its widely acknowledged contribution to the economy of early colonial Hong Kong under scrutiny. From the perspective of the relationship between English law and former British colonies’ development of business modernity, the findings presented herein contradict the readily accepted notion that English business law provided a solid legal infrastructure upon which colonial Hong Kong's prosperity and economic growth were built and call for more nuanced studies of the positive role of Chinese legal traditions in Hong Kong's development of business modernity in its early colonial period.     

It pays to be green: The managerial incentive structure and environmentally sound strategies

The traditional view in management circles about the relationship between the environment and business can best be summed up as pollution pays, pollution prevention doesn't. Notwithstanding the recent proliferation of literature on the benefits of green management, many managers continue to see environmentally sound strategies as detrimental to the principal goals of profitability, maintaining markets, controlling costs and efficient production.Such conclusions about the environmental drag on business are based on mistaken assumptions about the incentives businesses encounter. Stricter government regulation of the environment in developed nations changed the equation. There are also many opportunities for managers to profit from environmentally sound strategies that are independent of public pressures. Together, these two types of incentives serve to turn the traditional vision about the incompatibility between good business and the environment on its head: it is becoming increasingly apparent that, indeed, pollution prevention pays while pollution doesn't.     

由互补到竞争——解析中韩国际贸易分工格局的转变

本文运用转移份额分析法,对中韩在世界市场的出口竞争力进行了比较分析。结果表明:随着中国总体出口竞争力的提高,中韩贸易分工正由早期的垂直互补演变为水平竞争。中韩之间应通过政府推动、行业牵头和企业自主交流等多种方式加强合作,实现竞争格局下的互利双赢。     

市场经济体制下的政府行为分析

市场经济体制下的政府,是公共部门,发挥着利它和共利的作用。其作用的有效性与市场生产周期性密切相关,同时作为市场经济的主体,它具有＂经济人＂的特征,其参与市场方式和行为必然会考虑自身利益。为了本国或本地区的利益,地方政府与中央政府和其他地方政府之间存在博弈,这种政府行为不利于统一市场的形成,使资源配置达不到最优化,同时会形成恶性循环,而规范的政府行为则是有利于市场经济的良好快速发展。     

Digitalisierung: neue Aufgreifkriterien der Fusionskontrolle in der 9. GWB-Novelle

The Ninth amendment of the German Competition Act introduces new merger control thresholds. These thresholds are designed to close an enforcement gap that is especially found in parts of the digital economy. As the takeover of Facebook and WhatsApp revealed, traditional turnover-based thresholds are inapplicable to business models prevalent in some parts of the digital economy. The amendment addresses these limitations and specifically introduces a transaction value-based threshold that will enable the Federal Competition Authority to carry out merger control in certain mergers with high transaction values and low turnovers.     

Shedding light on sharing ECONOMY and new materialist consumption: An empirical approach

In the last decade, the sharing economy has emerged as a business model that improves the use of goods, uses fewer resources than traditional markets, increases social interactions and promotes more responsible and environmentally friendly consumption. This has led various authors to propose that the sharing economy could be a business model that will change consumers’ relationship to objects and the materialistic lifestyle. This exploratory research is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to specifically identify a new consumer materialism with the sharing economy. To this end, a survey was conducted among 384 participants in the sharing economy, identifying not only the drivers of the new materialism but also their impact on consumption.Our conclusions show that we are currently experiencing a new materialism in which the main elements of traditional materialism—property and the accumulation of goods and the happiness derived from the accumulation of goods and their exhibition as a status symbol—are losing importance. Thus, materialism is evolving from a mere static accumulation of goods towards a hybrid model in which property and the enjoyment of goods coexist with the enjoyment of experiences, which are becoming increasingly more important. Last, participation in the sharing economy drives this new materialism through its contribution to a greater awareness of consumption. In other words, the consumer has a greater consumption awareness.This paper proposes theoretical foundations to conceptualize the new materialism and a new materialist consumer profile that represents a break from the traditional conception, provides evidence on the dynamics of the feedback and empowerment of the sharing economy, and finally contributes by shedding light on its impact because the dynamics and impact of the sharing economy are more complex than they initially seem and thus it is necessary to analyse different angles and concepts.     

Cooperation between business associations and the government in the Korean cotton industry, 1950–70

The Korean government intended to promote the cotton industry, and expected that the industry would play a positive role to decelerate the inflation rate and increase exports during 1950–70. However, the ability of Korean public servants to develop the industry was insufficient. Korea had a powerful business association in the industry, the Spinners and Weavers Association of Korea (SWAK), which did have enough organisational resources. The government asked SWAK to support its policies, and SWAK cooperated with the government with good results. SWAK did not simply implement government policies in the business world, but was a partner of the government in accomplishing targets.     

我国的互联网彩票：经营模式、发展策略与管制框架

彩票存在问题赌博、未成年人参赌、犯罪以及贫困问题等负外部性,需要政府的严格管制。我国互联网彩票一直采用竞争性经营模式,妨碍政府进行有效管制。我国应当采取垄断性经营模式,仅允许一至两家公司经营互联网彩票。同时,对互联网彩票发展采取谨慎而不是自由放任的态度,制定渐进展开、分阶段实施的互联网彩票发展战略,注意与实体投注店的分工合作,并对购彩者采取适当的保护措施。对于互联网彩票公司及相关人员,实行行政许可,督促其建立健全内部控制,并对其进行经常性的评估、检验。     

The State as Economic Engine: Lessons from the Japanese Experience

This article reconsiders the problem of over-expansion of which many business groups in South Korea and other Asian countries have constantly been accused and concludes that their over-expansion had no direct bearing on the recent crisis. If these business groups have problems, they are, for example, poor management, weak governance and deficient accountability rather than over-expansion. In this regard the reformminded government is justified in taking restrictive measures against the big groups to deal with such problems. Nonetheless, it is suggested that the government would be ill-advised to seek the ultimate dissolution of such groups.     

韩国的东北亚经济中心建设构想及难题

为了应对东北亚区域内外环境的变化以及韩国经济可持续发展的需要,韩国政府提出了构建东北亚经济中心的构想。这是一个以东北亚地区经济合作为基础,以促进东北亚地区经济资源流动与经济发展为目的,由韩国发挥中心作用的远大战略,其建设方案主要包括东北亚物流中心、金融中心、企业中心等内容。文章提出,实现这一目标,需要巨大的资本和较长的时间,需要对韩国政治、行政、经济、媒体、教育等领域进行改革;必须得到东北亚区域内国家特别是中国和日本的协助,构建东北亚经济合作组织。     

British privatization: Evaluating the results

The 24 studies reviewed here reveal that nine of the 13 primary objectives of the U.K.'s privatization program have substantially been achieved. Privatization has reduced the size and scope of government, reduced political interference in management decisions, freed government funds so they can be used in sectors of the economy other than state-owned businesses, created a free market economy, promoted domestic investment, benefited the economy through higher returns on capital invested in privatized businesses, generated new sources of tax revenue, broadened domestic equity ownership and promoted equity ownership among employees of privatized businesses. Most of the research reviewed concludes that privatization has reduced the government's budget deficit; provided consumers with improved service, better quality, more choices, new products and lower prices; and improved the efficiency and performance of privatized firms. Finally, most of the studies reviewed report mixed results regarding the privatization program's success at reducing government control of business.     

雇佣关系的演变和管理

内部控制雇佣关系是传统工商企业的一个显著特征。技术进步、企业战略调整和工作重组推动了传统雇佣关系向创新型雇佣关系的转变。新型雇佣关系追求员工自觉地、合作地运用和开发知识,不断提高产品质量和改进生产效率,因此员工被赋予更多的自主权和决策权。企业需要建立新的激励结构抑制员工由自主权和决策权增加引发的机会主义行为,更为重要的是,企业需要重新构建雇佣关系的管理思想。