论我国水利PPP项目的纠纷及其解决

采用对比分析法,对现阶段水利PPP项目的理论学说进行梳理。针对前行政行为和后民事加行政行为2个不同阶段的法律行为属性,通过"行政诉讼+民事诉讼"的法律程序,采取区别化的解决方案,认为"行政+民事"的解决纠纷机制更有利于水利PPP项目的顺利实施及纠纷解决。     

Resource connectivity for beneficial insects in landscapes dominated by monoculture tree crop plantations

Homogenization of agricultural landscapes affects ecological processes and biodiversity and can affect the community composition of ecosystem service providers. These effects can have particular impact in landscapes dominated by monocultures of pollinator-dependent tree crop plantations, which create both spatial and temporal homogeneity at the landscape scale. I looked for associations between the proportion of nearby unmanaged vegetation and potential wild pollinator groups collected within flowering almond orchards in two types of landscape. In the Complex landscape, characterized by a heterogeneous mosaic of multiple crops, semi-natural grassland and natural woodland, insect pollinator groups were not associated with unmanaged vegetation. In the Simple landscape, dominated by monoculture almond plantations, most pollinator groups showed positive relationships with the two unmanaged vegetation types (grassland and woodland). In particular, all wild bee and all but one hoverfly individual were found in remnant native vegetation patches within almond plantations, rather than within rows of almond trees. More research is necessary to identify how structural differences created in monoculture landscapes, between crops and the native vegetation they encroach on, influence ecological communities and the provision of ecosystem services.     

我国水利工程项目绩效审计存在的问题及改进建议

在阐述我国水利工程项目引入绩效审计理论的基础上,进一步分析了水利工程项目绩效审计在我国实施的现状,重点探讨了目前我国水利工程项目绩效审计存在的体系构建不完整、忽视绩效审计、轻视过程审计、审计机关独立性不足、审计人员素质亟待提高等5个问题,提出了相应的改进建议。     

水利工程旅游开发存在的问题及对策研究

针对现行水利工程旅游开发中存在的思想认识不够、整体规划薄弱、资金投入不足、经营管理粗放等问题,提出了明确水利工程旅游开发的主要目标和任务、严格遵守水利风景区的开发原则、合理规划水利风景区的发展布局、重视景区建设评价工作、加强政府管理主体的领导,实行可持续发展开发战略等建议。     

河北省夏玉米需水量变化特征及未来可能趋势

基于1963—2015年近50年间河北省夏玉米主产区8个气象站点气象资料,采用联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)推荐的Penman-Monteith模型和作物系数法计算夏玉米需水量,再结合《IPCC排放情景特别报告》中的两种排放情景RCP2.6(低排放情景)和RCP8.5(持续排放情景)预估的未来气候情景,探讨气候变化下未来河北省夏玉米需水量的时空演变规律。结果表明:1963—2015年河北省夏玉米需水量呈现下降趋势,在空间上大致以黄骅为高值中心,由东北向西南逐渐递减,并在邢台形成低值中心的分布特征;从未来气候变化情景来看,相对于基准时段(2015年),RCP2.6和RCP8.5情景下,在2020年、2030年、2050年、2070年未来4个典型年份夏玉米的需水量均表现出增加的特征。     

水利水电工程移民监督评估实践存在的问题及完善措施

以移民安置监督评估理论为基础,结合监督评估工作实践,对水利水电工程移民安置监督评估实践中存在的主要问题加以梳理并给予相应完善建议。基于目前我国水利水电工程移民监督评估行业制度框架,剖析了由于移民监督评估政策、体制、管理方面的缺陷而导致现阶段实践中存在的诸多问题,并针对目前存在的主要问题,从政府、监督双方、社会等多角度进行较为细致的研究,提出了完善建议,旨在为进一步完善水利水电工程移民监督评估机制提供借鉴和参考。     

Fragmentation of land ownership in Slovakia: Evolution,context, analysis and possible solutions

Land ownership fragmentation is currently a very topical issue in Slovakia. In particular, small farmers complain that even 30 years after the end of the previous (“real socialist”) regime, there has been no significant change in the structure of agricultural land use. The subject of the article is not the land fragmentation in terms of use. In Slovakia, the problem is rather the opposite. This contribution deals with fragmentation of ownership that is mostly invisible in the landscape. Usage still dominates over the ownership and the real landowner cannot get his or her own property in a simple way. The reason for this is huge fragmentation of land ownership, which makes it virtually impossible to actually claim it. Well known solution is the land consolidation that does not advance at a rate that would guarantee the rights (and obligations) of all owners in the foreseeable future in Slovakia. Neglecting the land fragmentation by authorities leads to tense situations between landowners and land tenants and also co-causes a stagnation of rural development and issues with landscape protection. The paper describes the specific state of land ownership in Slovakia and attempts to explain this complicated situation on a sample of 50 historical and modern ownership documents. This contribution has the ambition to specify the largely yet unresolved problems that arise from the current state of massive fragmentation of land ownership. The aim of the paper is also to fill in the information gap on the topic, not only in the national context.     

水利产业投资存在的问题及对策

分析水利产业的内涵和当前水利产业投资现状,指出当前水利产业投资现状的主要问题是水利产业投资主体单一,水利产业内部投资结构失衡及其原因,提出水利产业投资对策：加大国家对水利建设的投入力度,建立合理的投资回收与补偿机制,建立投资风险约束机制,构建流域机构为出资人代表的水利投融资主体和积极探索多种融资渠道。     

Agent‐based modeling for ex ante assessment of tree crop innovations: litchis in northern Thailand

This study uses an agent‐based model for ex ante assessment of agricultural innovations. The model builds on whole farm mathematical programming (MP) and extends the methodology with a spatial representation of the system, the heterogeneity of farm households and landscapes, and the interaction between farm households. We apply the model in a northern Thai watershed to study the potential of four innovations to increase the profitability of litchi orchards. Cost‐benefit analysis shows that each innovation would increase the profitability of litchi growing; however, the results of the agent‐based model show that at current price levels these innovations alone would not be enough to stem the decline in the area under litchis. The model was validated and the sensitivity of the results tested for variations in the irrigated water supply and liquidity. We report on how farmers responded to these results and discuss the implications for other areas in northern Thailand.     

Perceptions of impacts,public participation,and learning in the planning,assessment and mitigation of two hydroelectric projects in Uttarakhand,India

The hydropower potential of the state of Uttarakhand, in the Indian Himalaya, is an estimated 20,000 MW, of which approximately 3200 MW have been developed. In conjunction with the central government, Uttarakhand is pursuing a policy of rapidly developing its remaining potential. The necessity for careful planning, assessment and mitigation of this development is paramount, requiring meaningful and effective public participation. This study examined two hydropower projects in Chamoli District. Our purpose was to investigate how stakeholders viewed the projects’ impacts, how local residents were involved in planning, assessment and mitigation, and what the residents learned from their involvement. We used a qualitative methodology involving a document review, participant observation, and semi-directed interviews. Local residents and nongovernmental organizations emphasized adverse social and environmental impacts. They thought the way of life and social fabric of affected villages were significantly altered and future sustainability was uncertain. Industry respondents emphasized the economic benefits. Government officials were relatively balanced in their perceptions. In one project, the only formal participation opportunity occurred during mitigation: development of the catchment area treatment plan. In the other, opportunities were available during assessment (e.g., hearings) and mitigation (e.g., advisory committees). Both projects involved multiple informal efforts at participation (e.g., legal petitions and public protests). Among local residents, there were notable instances of sustainability-oriented learning. The development of hydropower projects in Uttarakhand can become more participative, to improve decision making, promote equity, and create opportunities for sustainability learning.     

利益相关者视角下的大中型水电工程移民项目治理机制

大中型水电工程作为影响地区社会经济长远发展的重大系统工程,基本都包含工作量巨大的移民安置项目,它不仅决定着工程进度和成本,更关乎地区社会稳定。基于利益相关者理论,探讨水电工程移民项目治理的合理性,进而采用多锥细分法和米切尔评分法对水电工程移民项目的主要利益相关主体进行分类识别,从水电工程中资源影响、关系程度、社会性3个方面进行分类,提炼出确定型利益相关者、预期型利益相关者和潜在型利益相关者3种类型,总结这些主体的行为和风险,进而梳理出内部治理和外部治理共举的水电工程移民项目治理结构。在治理理论的基础上,识别出水电工程移民项目的赋权与网络协商机制、利益共享机制、激励与约束机制,从而为我国推进实施水电工程移民项目奠定理论基础。     

Rural nonfarm activities and agricultural crop production in Nigeria

Although most rural households are involved in the farm sector, the nonfarm sector has grown significantly in recent decades, and its role in rural development has become increasingly important. This article examines the effect of participation in nonfarm activities on crop expenses of farm households in Nigeria. The relationship is modeled using a nonseparable agricultural household model that suggests that participating in nonfarm activities can relax the credit constraints facing farm households and reduce risk thereby helping households improve farm production and smooth consumption over time. The results show that participation in nonfarm activities by Nigerian farmers has a positive and significant effect on crop expenses and in particular on payments for hired labor and inorganic fertilizers. Separate analysis of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria indicates that it is in the South-South and South-East zones where nonfarm participation appears to induce more hiring of labor. The results support the hypothesis that nonfarm participation helps relax liquidity constraints but suggests how that liquidity is used is zone-specific. In general, the results also indicate that liquidity is used more to pay for inputs into staple production as opposed to cash crops.     

我国准公益性水电项目发展环境及问题分析

水是人类生存与发展不可替代的重要资源,是经济社会可持续发展基础。1949年以来,特别是改革开放以后,水电项目得到大力发展。调研并总结了准公益性水电项目的现状,深入剖析了目前存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

乌苏市高新节水工程建设

对乌苏市2007—2008年开展的高新节水工程建设进行总结和分析,详细阐述了工程在实施过程中具体的操作方法、遇到的困难、产生的原因,并提出了解决问题的对策和建议：对高新节水技术的宣传要扎实、深入;勘察规划设计方面,要充分考虑滴灌地块设计区域中的非耕种土地,滴灌系统控制面积不宜过大,首部设计中要考虑水池的蓄水量和泥沙沉淀问题,还要考虑首部过滤器平台机械运转时的振动因素;施工和管理方面,实行专人专项,严格监督;对农民进行培训,改变农民种植理念和田间管理模式;鼓励农民进行土地整理,逐步达到农田管理标准化等。     

Gender,control, and crop choice in northern Mozambique

Women play an important role in the agricultural production process in developing countries, yet their role in making decisions about what to grow and implications for household welfare remains poorly understood. In this article, I study women's empowerment in northern Mozambique as it relates to agriculture, considering in particular the factors associated with women managing the plots that they nominally control. Women control about 30% of the plots in the data, but only manage about 70% of those plots. Using a unique panel data set, I find that women are more likely to manage plots when households have had historic access to off‐farm labor, typically completed by men. When women manage plots, they tend to grow crops with less complicated production techniques and are less likely to grow the main area cash crop. However, conditional on historic access to off‐farm labor their farm incomes are the same as among men.     

Sustainability and innovation in staple crop production in the US Midwest

An agroecosystem is constrained by environmental possibility and social choices, mainly in the form of government policies. To be sustainable, an agroecosystem requires production systems that are resilient to natural stressors such as disease, pests, drought, wind and salinity, and to human constructed stressors such as economic cycles and trade barriers. The world is becoming increasingly reliant on concentrated exporting agroecosystems for staple crops, and vulnerable to national and local decisions that affect resilience of these production systems. We chronicle the history of the United States staple crop agroecosystem of the Midwest region to determine whether sustainability is part of its design, or could be a likely outcome of existing policies particularly on innovation and intellectual property. Relative to other food secure and exporting countries (e.g. Western Europe), the US agroecosystem is not exceptional in yields or conservative on environmental impact. This has not been a trade-off for sustainability, as annual fluctuations in maize yield alone dwarf the loss of caloric energy from extreme historic blights. We suggest strategies for innovation that are responsive to more stakeholders and build resilience into industrialized staple crop production.     

Bridging the gap between research and planning practice concerning landscape in Swedish infrastructural planning

A number of government documents provide for the fact that the surrounding landscape is to be considered when any infrastructure is built in Sweden. However, only certain aspects of the landscape are dealt within the various types of documents involved in the planning process. There has been considerable research into landscape, both in Sweden and abroad; unfortunately, however, this research has not been utilized by infrastructure planners. This paper discusses the reasons for this gap between research and planning practice as regards landscape, as well as problems with current infrastructure sector efforts concerning the landscape. Furthermore, the paper proposes ways in which current working methods can be changed by improving knowledge of the character of landscapes, a matter that is a structural element of the European Landscape Convention (ELC).