政府绩效审计供需均衡分析——基于公共产品供需均衡视角

政府绩效审计是一种公共产品,公共产品供需均衡理论影响着绩效审计供给和需求的性质、数量以及均衡过程。实现政府绩效审计供需均衡要依据公共产品供需理论,结合我国政府绩效审计供需状况和存在的具体问题,刺激需求,促进供给,实现二者互动;以动态与变化的眼光分析和考察决定互动的诸多因素,进而构建合理有效的均衡实现机制。     

蒂布特模型与地方性公共产品的有效供给分析

公共产品的供给由于存在偏好显示、社会选择与管理等基本问题,政府在公共产品的供给上普遍面临着"效率难题"。蒂布特构建的地方公共产品均衡模型,对改善地方公共产品供给效率具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

关于农村公共物品供给制度创新的思考——基于两个村庄的实地考察

农村公共物品的有效供给对农村经济起着十分重要的作用,通过考察L村和Q村两个村庄的农村公共物品供给情况,存在诸多问题.要合理科学地提供农村公共物品关键在于建立多元筹资体制、明确各级政府职能、均衡城乡供给、建立自下而上的需求表达机制.     

论城乡公共产品的隐性需求开发与有效供给

随着我国城市基础设施建设的逐步完善，在城市公共产品已基本满足居民的显性需求的情况下，开发公共产品的隐性需求，并实现其有效供给，是今后在公共产品管理方面所面临的重要课题。为此，本文从公共产品隐性需求开发和有效供给的角度，探索公共产品隐性需求的开发方法，并在此基础上提出了农村公共产品有效供给的对策，对实现城乡公共产品供给均衡，优化公共产品的结构，促进和谐社会建设有重要意义。     

城乡统筹发展中的农村公共产品供给体制改革

农村公共产品供给不足是我国农村发展的薄弱环节,提高农村公共产品的供给水平是建设社会主义新农村的关键.城乡二元发展战略和农村需求表达机制不健全导致农村公共产品供给数量不足、质量不高、结构失衡、效率低下等问题,进而使城乡差距不断拉大.十八大报告强调城乡发展一体化是解决“三农”问题的根本途径,要实现城乡发展一体化,关键在于从根本上改变公共产品非均衡供给的二元供给模式.     

我国第三部门与农村公共产品供给——以医疗卫生供给为研究视域

长期以来,由于我国在公共产品供给上实行＂二元制＂,我国的农村公共产品供给一直处于被边缘化的弱势地位。面对市场经济、多元治理的必然趋势,市场和政府在公共产品供给中的缺陷日益暴露,第三部门应运而生,发挥着重要的作用。但是我国第三部门在农村医疗卫生公共产品供给中面临诸多问题,因此要促进非政府组织对农村医疗卫生公共产品的供给,建立多主体供给体系;理顺非政府组织与政府的关系,承接部分农村管理职能;加强非政府组织自身建设,健全内部管理机制。     

我国农村公共产品供给保障中的问题与制度建设研究

我国农村公共产品供给远远不能满足于现代农村发展的需要,成为加重农民生产成本,限制农产品竞争力,影响农民增收,制约农民生活质量提升的重要因素之一.本文从我国农村公共产品供给的问题出发,认为在农村公共产品的决策规则上,必须强调决策的自下而上性,以使公共产品的供求相衔接,解决公共产品供给结构失衡的问题.     

农村公共产品有效供给问题探讨

在自上而下的农村公共产品决策机制下,农民无法在公共产品供给决策中准确表达自己的偏好,对公共资源的筹集和使用也难以进行有效的监督,导致农村公共产品供给总量短缺与局部过剩并存且质量低下.为实现农村公共产品有效供给,不仅需要落实好"多予、少取、放活"的政策,更应通过制度创新,建立和完善各级政府、村集体和农民三位一体的农村公共产品供给体系,提高农民在农村公共产品供给体制中的参与水平.     

市场经济条件下的农村公共产品

改革开放以来髓着经济的快速发展以及经济制度的不断完善，我国公共产品供给机制在很多方面有了改进和创新。本文旨在通过描述农村公共产品供给机制在市场经济备件下的现状，进而讨论现阶段农村公共产品供给机制的不足和措施。从而体现市场经济对农村公共产品供给机制的重大影响。     

小城镇可持续发展中的公共产品供给问题研究

针对目前我国小城镇公共产品供给中存在的小城镇公共产品的体制外供给、"软"公共产品供给不足、小城镇公共产品的供给严重不足与过剩并存等问题,本文在分析私人产品的生产对小城镇公共产品的供给的依赖性的基础上,提出应特别重视小城镇"软"公共产品供给、各级政府应增加对小城镇公共产品供给的资金和政策支持、建立科学合理的公共产品供给体制等政策建议.     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.