共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Caroline Saunders Anita Wreford Selim Cagatay 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2006,50(4):538-555
The link between trade and the environment has aroused considerable interest both in terms of the impact of trade liberalisation on the environment, and also the impact of environmental policy on production and trade. Of key environmental concern at present is global warming and its association with greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture is a sector of the economy that both contributes to, and will be affected by, climate change. This paper models the impact of agricultural trade liberalisation on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture around the world, focusing particularly on the effects on New Zealand, a small economy highly dependent on agricultural trade. A partial equilibrium agricultural multicountry, multicommodity trade model is used for the analysis, extended to include physical production systems and their greenhouse gas emissions. Two simulations are performed: removal of agricultural policies in the EU and in all OECD countries. The results indicate that although producer returns in New Zealand increase, greenhouse gas emissions also increase significantly. EU producers face lower returns but also lower greenhouse gas emissions. 相似文献
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The agricultural sector contributes 9% towards total UK greenhouse gas emissions and so may offer significant potential as a sector to help meet national and international emission reduction targets. In order to help farmers manage their emissions and to encourage more sustainable farming, several carbon accounting tools are now available. This article describes a short study that selected five suitable tools and compared their performance on nine European arable farms, concentrating on the crop production components, to determine how useful they are for assisting in the development of site-specific mitigation strategies and how well they would perform within farm assurance or benchmarking schemes. The results were mixed, with some tools better designed for identifying mitigation opportunities than others. The results also showed that, quantitatively, the results are highly variable between tools and depended on the selected functional unit, this being highly important if the wider aspects of sustainability such as food security are to be considered. However, there is statistical consistency across the tools regarding the ranking order of the farms in terms of their emissions. 相似文献
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Clinton J. Levitt Morten Saaby Anders Sørensen 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2017,61(2):211-231
We use data from the World Input‐Output Database in a multiregional input–output model to analyse Australian consumption‐based greenhouse gas emissions for the years 1995 to 2009. We find that the emission content of Australian macroeconomic activity has changed over the 15‐year period. Consumption‐based emissions have been growing faster than production‐based emissions since 2001. We show that emissions embodied in Australian imports are increasingly becoming a significant source of emissions. We investigate emissions in Australian imports and find that increased trade with China contributed substantially to the increase in Australia's consumption emissions. China was the largest exporter of emissions to Australia and accounted for almost half of emissions embodied in Australian imports since 2002. The growth of trade with China coincides with the increase in imported emissions as well as the increase in aggregate consumption emissions. Our results suggest that tracking consumption emissions together with production emissions provides a more complete picture of Australian emissions. 相似文献
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[目的]我国区域农业发展模式由于气候、环境的不同存在较大的差异,而目前针对农业隐含碳的时空动态研究较为缺乏,导致对于区域减排目标的设定缺乏全面的考虑,无法实现农业碳减排的效率性和公平性。因此,有必要分析农业隐含碳排放在不同省域的特征并分析其驱动因素,为制定体现地区间公平性且有效率的碳减排政策提供依据。[方法]文章利用2002年、2007年和2012年3年的投入产出表估算我国各省(市、区)农业隐含碳排放量,根据Kaya恒等关系将其分解为经济规模、经济结构、一般农业技术进步和低碳农业技术进步4类影响因素,并利用LMDI分解分析法对这4类影响因素的驱动力进行了分析。[结果]2002—2012年我国大部分地区农业隐含碳排放量呈上升趋势,空间上呈现从西到东、从南到北逐渐增加的分布规律,经济规模效应在各省份均呈正向驱动,且在经济发展较为迅速、经济增长后劲较强的地区驱动效应逐渐增强;经济结构效应在大部分省份呈负向驱动,且在重型工业的聚集区域负向效应逐渐增强;一般农业技术因素正向驱动区域逐渐扩散,且在农业大省正向驱动效应逐渐增强;低碳农业技术进步因素在东部发达地区负向的驱动效应较强,在西部驱动效应较弱。[结论]在未来的农业减排政策制定过程中,需要充分考虑不同地区的经济发展、产业结构、农业生产等特点。 相似文献
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The dairy industry is receiving considerable attention in relation to both its significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and its potential for reducing those emissions, contributing towards meeting national targets and driving the industry towards sustainable intensification. However, the extent to which improvements can be made is dependent on the decision-making processes of individual producers, so there has been a proliferation of carbon accounting tools seeking to influence those processes. This paper evaluates the suitability of such tools for driving environmental change by influencing on-farm management decisions. Seven tools suitable for the European dairy industry were identified, their characteristics evaluated, and used to process data relating to six scenario farms, emulating processes undertaken in real farm management situations. As a result of the range of approaches taken by the tools, there was limited agreement between them as to GHG emissions magnitude, and no consistent pattern as to which tools resulted in the highest/lowest results. Despite this it is argued, that as there was agreement as to the farm activities responsible for the greatest emissions, the more complex tools were still capable of performing a ‘decision support’ role, and guiding management decisions, whilst others could merely focus attention on key issues. 相似文献
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The agricultural sector is currently confronted with the challenge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whilst maintaining or increasing production. Energy-saving technologies are often proposed as a partial solution, but the evidence on their ability to reduce GHG emissions remains mixed. Production economics provides methodological tools to analyse the nexus of agricultural production, energy use and GHG emissions. Convexity is predominantly maintained in agricultural production economics, despite various theoretical and empirical reasons to question it. Employing non-convex and convex frontier frameworks, this contribution evaluates energy productivity change (the ratio of aggregate output change to energy use change) and GHG emission intensity change (the ratio of GHG emission change to polluting input change) using Hicks-Moorsteen productivity formulations. We consider GHG emissions as by-products of the production process by using a multi-equation model. Given our empirical specification, non-convex and convex Hicks-Moorsteen indices can coincide under certain circumstances, which leads to a series of theoretical equivalence results. The empirical application focuses on 1,510 observations of Dutch dairy farms for the period of 2010–2019. The results show a positive association between energy productivity change and GHG emission intensity change, which calls into question the potential of on-farm, energy-efficiency-increasing measures to reduce GHG emission intensity. 相似文献
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采用增加值核算法测算中国整体制造业及高碳制造业出口隐含碳生产率,分析其低碳贸易竞争力;基于STIRPAT模型从技术和结构两方面研判低碳贸易竞争力的影响因素,预测基准、低碳技术、出口结构优化、能源结构绿色、低碳综合等5种情景下2021—2030年的低碳贸易竞争力。结果表明:中国出口增加将加剧国内减排压力,出口中90%以上的隐含碳都留在国内;能源利用效率是整体制造业低碳贸易竞争力的首要影响因素,能源消费结构对高碳行业影响较大;按发展趋势,2030年制整体造业出口隐含碳生产率略低于欧盟1995年的发展水平,低碳贸易竞争力较低;按“十四五”政策目标发展,2030年整体制造业隐含碳生产率将达到欧盟2003年的水平,高碳行业中的非金属制品业能超过欧盟2018年的水平。 相似文献
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对企业碳排放权会计处理进行研究,采用案例分析法,理论研究与调查研究相结合,发现会计的确认、计量、记录和信息披露方面存在问题,以Y公司为案例,提出了分别确认交易性碳排放权和自用性碳排放权,免费配额确认为政府补助,实际排放时即确认负债,出售配额所得计入营业外收入,完善信息披露的对策。 相似文献
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Cordelia Kreft Robert Huber David Schäfer Robert Finger 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2024,75(1):298-322
To reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, farmers need to change current farming practices. However, farmers' climate change mitigation behaviour and particularly the role of social and individual characteristics remains poorly understood. Using an agent-based modelling approach, we investigate how knowledge exchange within farmers' social networks affects the adoption of mitigation measures and the effectiveness of a payment per ton of GHG emissions abated. Our simulations are based on census, survey and interview data for 49 Swiss dairy and cattle farms to simulate the effect of social networks on overall GHG reduction and marginal abatement costs. We find that considering social networks increases overall reduction of GHG emissions by 45% at a given payment of 120 Swiss Francs (CHF) per ton of reduced GHG emissions. The per ton payment would have to increase by 380 CHF (i.e., 500 CHF/tCO2eq) to reach the same overall GHG reduction level without any social network effects. Moreover, marginal abatement costs for emissions are lower when farmers exchange relevant knowledge through social networks. The effectiveness of policy incentives aiming at agricultural climate change mitigation can hence be improved by simultaneously supporting knowledge exchange and opportunities of social learning in farming communities. 相似文献
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One consequence of increasing agricultural trade is a shift of geographic location of agricultural activity to more economically productive countries. Whether or not the economic efficiency translates to environmental efficiency for agricultural goods is an open question. To examine environmental implications of shifting agricultural location, we analysed the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of rice production in Japan and the US for the Japanese market in a comparative manner. This paper presents the life-cycle assessment of brown japonica rice. Our computation of GHG emissions of rice production in Japan and the US were 3.54 and 2.99?kgCO2-eq kg-rice?1, respectively. With respect to harvested area, the emissions were 18.4 in Japan and 27.8?tCO2-eq ha?1 in the US. For Japan to be environmentally competitive with the US production, fundamental restructuration of field size is necessary to increase yield. In conclusion, economic efficiency does not translate to environmental efficiency with the case of rice production. Importing rice is both economically and environmentally viable option for the Japanese market. 相似文献
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目的 食物系统碳排放在全球碳排放中的比重已达到30%。聚焦居民收入增长对食物消费结构变化的影响及其带来的碳排放效应,从饮食结构视角考察居民收入增长导致的食物系统碳排放变动。方法 文章从微观视角运用EASI需求系统模型分析不同收入增长模式下食物系统碳排放的可能增长路径。结果 (1)收入增长会使碳排放密集型的牛羊肉等动物类食物的消费量快速增长;(2)在不考虑收入分布变化的收入增长10%~50%的情景下,人均食物系统碳排放的变动在-5.23%~13.99%,收入差距缩小和中等收入群体壮大的收入增长模式则会使排放进一步增加;(3)在收入增长幅度低于30%时,农业减排技术进步可以有效中和食物系统碳排放增长,反映出农业减排技术进步对于减缓食物系统碳排放的重要性和有限性。结论 有必要制定依靠农业减排技术创新为核心的综合减排策略,进一步促进饮食的健康和环境协同增效,引导居民的饮食结构向果蔬等植物类食物及“低畜肉,高禽、蛋、奶、水产品”的动物类饮食结构转变。 相似文献
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北方农牧交错带对于气候变化和人类干扰敏感,在我国经济、社会发展和环境保护方面具有重要 的战略地位。因此,关于其气候界线及变迁的基础研究,可以为农牧交错带的其他深入研究提供科学支 撑。文章基于北方236个气象站点1980~2009年的日气象资料,依据李世奎(20世纪80年代)提出的气 候指标界定北方农牧交错带不同时段的气候界线,通过叠置法分析农牧交错带的核心区域及气候界线变 迁。结果表明:现今(1980~2009年)农牧交错带的分布仍呈现出从东北至西南的带状格局,但范围整体 较早期(20世纪80年代前)有所扩张,分布在内蒙古自治区的交错带面积最广。近30年来,农牧交错带 的气候界线东西摆动,但整体上是向东迁移的。变化趋势与该区域降水量的变化具有一定的相关性,东北 段变化幅度大,由于该区降水量减少而向东变迁;华北区的东部变化幅度较大,而其西部则变化幅度小; 西北段则由于该区降水量增加而向西北延伸。 相似文献
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Tas Thamo Ross S. Kingwell David J. Pannell 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2013,57(2):234-252
If agriculture were to be included in Australia’s carbon price scheme, a key decision for government would be how to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. We explore the consequences of three different methods for measuring on‐farm emissions: national accounting methods, an amended version of those methods and use of best‐available local data. Estimated emissions under the three methods can vary widely; for example, on a case study farm in Western Australia, local data indicated 44 per cent lower emissions than did the national accounts method. If on‐farm emissions are subject to an emissions price, the impact on farm profit is large and varies considerably with different measurement methods. For instance, if a price of $23/t of CO2‐e applies then farm profit falls by 14.4–30.8 per cent depending on the measurement method. Thus, the choice of measurement method can have large distributional consequences. On the other hand, inaccurate measurement results in relatively minor deadweight losses. On‐farm sequestration through reafforestation may lessen the impact of an emissions price on farm businesses, although it will require a high carbon price to be viable, especially if sequestration rates are underestimated or low. 相似文献
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湿地特殊的水热效应和温室气体代谢过程决定湿地是全球变化的影响和响应区。随着人口的增长和技术的进步,湿地生态系统成为人类活动破坏最严重的生态系统之一,而农业排水和开垦是湿地丧失的主要原因。湿地是地球上重要的碳储存库,其储碳量占地球陆地碳总量的15%。土地利用的变化改变了湿地生态系统碳循环的模式,大量温室气体被排放,对全球变化产生深远影响。湿地的恢复与重建能促进碳积累和减少温室气体排放。 相似文献
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目的 文章利用2004—2017年乌鲁木齐海关数据,研究中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易的现状、互补性及影响因素,挖掘中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易潜力,为进一步拓展双方农产品贸易提出建议。方法 采用产业内贸易指数和引力模型进行实证分析。结果 中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易规模总体处于增长态势,但贸易联系紧密度不高;中国新疆以出口水果、蔬菜等劳动密集型农产品为主,哈萨克斯坦主要出口畜产品、棉麻丝等资源密集型农产品;农产品贸易整体属于产业内贸易,在九大类细分农产品领域存在各自竞争优势,双方贸易需求基本没有重叠,互补性较强;双方经济总量、人口规模、农产品贸易联系紧密程度、空间距离等是影响农产品双边贸易的重要因素。结论 中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易潜力总体呈现增长趋势,尤其在“一带一路”倡议提出后,双方贸易潜力提升幅度明显。 相似文献
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[目的]通过探究福建省安溪县茶园土壤碳素储量,揭示各碳素指标的空间分异特征及其关键影响因子,有助于为减少茶园温室气体排放和建设生态茶园提供决策支撑。[方法]文章运用反硝化分解(denitrification decomposition, DNDC)模型和空间统计分析方法对茶园土壤碳素进行模拟和研究。[结果](1)经过参数率定的DNDC模型对茶园土壤碳素动态循环的模拟具有较好的适用性;(2)安溪茶园土壤有机碳含量丰富,土壤肥力较好。凋落物输入碳是茶园土壤碳素输入的主要来源,平均输入量为505.52 kg/hm2,而通过呼吸作用转化为CO2排放是茶园土壤碳素输出的重要途径,平均CO2排放量为883.78 kg/hm2;(3)茶园SOC10~20cm量、凋落物输入碳量、CH4排放量、CO2排放量均呈现空间聚集分布特征,主要分布在安溪县西部的低山与中低山地区;(4)初始土壤属性中黏粒含量和土壤有机碳含量是影响安溪县茶园土壤碳素空间分异的关键因子,其中土壤黏粒含量对茶园土壤CO2排放量和CH4排放量的影响最强且负向作用效果明显。[结论]安溪县西部等低山和中低山区域土壤肥力较好,但亦应谨慎对待该区... 相似文献
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Peter Warr Arief Anshory Yusuf 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2011,55(3):297-321
Indonesia has set the target that by the year 2020 its emissions of greenhouse gases will be reduced by 26 per cent relative to business‐as‐usual conditions. This article analyses the effectiveness of a subsidy to the use of land in forestry as a means of achieving this goal. The analysis uses a general equilibrium model of the Indonesian economy characterised by explicit treatment of land use, disaggregated by industry and by region. The results of the analysis indicate that the subsidy cost of permanently reducing carbon emissions by 26 per cent is a little over US$1 per metric tonne of carbon emissions abated. This cost needs to be compared with that of alternative instruments and with the price of carbon that might be agreed under the proposed Reducing Emissions through Deforestation and Land Degradation (REDD) scheme, to be administered through the World Bank and the United Nations. 相似文献
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《国际农业可持续发展杂志》2013,11(3):199-214
We have evaluated the global warming impact of palm oil production in a model that simulates the operations of a typical palm oil mill that processes fruit from a nucleus estate and outgrowers. It estimates carbon sequestration in the crop and in mill products and by-products, and balances this against the major sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs), all converted to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e) over the 25-year lifespan of the crop. The model shows that most carbon sequestration occurs in the standing crop, with smaller amounts in mill products and by-products. Land-use conversion plays a dominant role in the GHG budget, with planting of oil palm after logged forest or rubber leading to a net loss of carbon, and to a net gain following grassland. In the default oil-palm-to-oil-palm case the carbon lost from cleared palms is balanced by sequestration in the current crop. Methane from mill effluent and nitrous oxide from N fertilizers are the next most important emission sources. The default replant case gives net emissions of 0.86t CO2-e per t crude palm oil, but these can be reduced to very low values, mainly through conversion of methane and surplus fuel in the mill to energy. 相似文献