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1.
    
In nonmarket valuation, practitioners must choose a format for the valuation questions. A common approach in discrete choice experiments is the ‘pick‐one’ format, often with two alternative policy proposals and a status quo from which the respondent selects. Other proposed formats, include best‐worst elicitation, where respondents are asked to indicate their most and least favoured alternative from a set. Although best‐worst formats can offer efficiency in data collection, they can also lead to responses that are difficult to reconcile with neoclassical welfare estimation. The current article explores methodological issues surrounding the use of pick‐one versus best‐worst data for nonmarket valuation, focusing on framing and status quo effects that may occur within three‐alternative discrete choice experiments. We illustrate these issues using a case study of surplus groundwater use from Western Australian mining. Results identify concerns that may render best‐worst data unsuitable for welfare estimation, including a prevalence of serial choices in which the status quo is universally chosen as the worst alternative, rendering part of the choice process deterministic. Asymmetry of preferences and serial choices can be obscured when models are estimated using ‘naively’ pooled best‐worst data. Results suggest that caution is warranted when using best‐worst data for valuation, even when pooled results appear satisfactory.  相似文献   

2.
    
Poverty is endemic in the highly populated Eastern Gangetic Plains where agriculture is critical to more than half the population. However, the mechanisms to support agriculture for development are contested. For example, some have advocated a strong role for government support and assistance due to market weaknesses, while others have promoted the need for more market-oriented approaches. We use an elicitation process focussed on expert policymaking communities, employing stated preference techniques to explore these options. Differences in perceptions about the effectiveness of policies and their delivery are reported between countries, while also empirically examining the influence of the respondents' organisational background. The results show support for policies that improve farmers' access to inputs, especially when delivered by private sector actors. The research provides an important contribution to the literature on policies for agricultural development.  相似文献   

3.
成琨  王子欣  孙楠 《水利经济》2024,42(4):7-13
针对学术界在水资源价值与价格方面的理论探索及其实践应用,以及目前水价面临的主要挑战,系统整理并归纳了水资源价值研究进展,水资源定价方法和水资源计价方式的种类、适用范围,以及与价值理论相对应的定价模型。研究结果表明:目前对于水资源多元价值的研究仍处于初级阶段,对水资源多元价值的认识不足;现有定价研究大多从单一角度出发,难以全面涵盖水资源社会价值、市场经济价值以及生态经济综合价值,且单一的计价方式不利于节水目标的实现。未来需要开展多维度评估价值、多角度制定价格以及多种计价方式研究,加强水价改革中市场机制的引入,应特别关注发展较慢的农业水价综合改革,以实现水资源的可持续利用。  相似文献   

4.
以内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市黄河南岸灌区农业水价改革为例,分析灌区农业水价改革的必要性和影响,并提出确定农业初始水权,构建农业水价形成机制,建立农业用水精准补贴和节水奖励机制以及健全完善灌区量水设施等改革措施。  相似文献   

5.
Consumer welfare effects from policy changes are traditionally calculated using estimates of consumer preferences for the underlying goods and services affected. This conventional approach is indirect, does not consider preferences people may have for the policies themselves, and makes it difficult to easily compare relative preferability of a large set of policy options. In this paper, we use the best–worst scaling approach to determine consumers’ preferences for 13 policies. A nationwide survey of 1,056 U.S. consumers indicates the highest levels of support for investments in agricultural research and requirements of food and agricultural literacy standards in public education. Fat, calorie, and soda taxes are the least popular; fewer than one-third of respondents are in favor of these three policies.  相似文献   

6.
[目的]20世纪80年代以来,水价政策逐渐成为缓解水资源供给矛盾的重要手段。然而,由于可能存在损害农户利益的风险,水价政策一直饱受学术界的争议,政策制定者一直在探索一种“双赢”的水价调控机制。河北省衡水市桃城区为缓解常年超采地下水的现状,于2005年8月首创“一提一补”水价调控机制,以期实现农户利益和资源保护之间的共赢。[方法]文章利用河北省衡水市桃城区332户农户调研数据,利用中介效应和倍差法模型,实证分析“一提一补”水价改革对当地主要3种作物小麦、玉米、棉花单产的影响,从单产角度对“一提一补”水价改革的政策效果进行评估。[结果]“一提一补”对玉米和棉花单产的影响并不显著,但是对小麦单产会有显著的负面影响且用水量在其中起到完全中介作用,但由于技术进步的存在,农业机械化等因素可以抵消这些负面影响,促进单产提高。[结论]基于实证结果,该文提出了相关部门需要探讨未来进一步提价可能性、推广农业机械化的使用以及加大高产品种和技术的研发力度等政策建议。  相似文献   

7.
    
In October 2010, the Murray‐Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) proposed that a range of 3000–4000 GL per year, on average, of additional water be made available for the environment in the Murray‐Darling Basin (MDB) to mitigate the effects of what it considers to be inadequate environmental flows. To help quantify the costs of this water reallocation, a hydro‐economic model was constructed based on the 19 regions of the MDB. The model results indicate the following: (i) substantial reductions in surface water extractions of up to 4400 GL per year impose only a moderate reduction on net profits in irrigated agriculture, Basin wide, given competitive water markets, but the effects are much more pronounced in particular regions/catchments and (ii) the costs of the water reallocation are comparable with the amount budgeted by the Australian government to acquire water from willing sellers and increase environmental flows if inter‐regional water trade is unrestricted.  相似文献   

8.
为探讨新疆农业水价综合改革对农业用水效率的影响,实现农业节水目标,在农业水价综合改革的制度框架下,归纳了样本地区沙雅县和大河沿子灌区的农业水价综合改革模式,运用超效率SBM模型对样本地区农业用水效率进行了测算;在归纳总结两地改革模式的基础上运用Tobit模型探究了新疆农业水价综合改革影响农业用水效率的主要因素。研究结果表明,两地的农业用水效率总体上呈现波动上升态势,降水量、农业终端水价、是否执行奖补制度对农业用水效率具有正向作用,改革面积、灌溉定额对农业用水效率产生负面影响。  相似文献   

9.
农业水价改革绩效的熵权模糊综合评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
李婷  郑垂勇 《水利经济》2015,33(3):32-36
随着农业水价改革在全国范围内不断地试点展开,客观上要求建立有效、合理并且实用的农业水价改革绩效评价体系和评价方法,以便科学、客观地反映改革试点的农业水价改革的成效与不足,为进一步推动改革的发展提供参考。为此,构建了农业水价改革的绩效评价体系,并提出一种熵权模糊综合评价模型。模型运用熵权法确定评价指标的权重向量,并运用模糊综合评价方法将农业水价改革绩效中的模糊性、复杂性以及不确定性进行综合量化,得出评价结果。将模型运用于实例中的湖南省农业水价改革试点的绩效评价,结果表明:该模型是合理可行的,能较为全面客观地反映农业水价改革试点的成效与不足,在实践中具有一定的应用价值。  相似文献   

10.
    
The paper estimates an aggregate daily water demand for Sydney using rainfall, temperature, and price data from 2001 to 2005, and a dummy variable to account for reductions in demand following the introduction of water restrictions in October 2003. Analyses based on the estimated price elasticity, and also values one and two standard errors above and below this estimate, are used to model the effects of different pricing and water supply scenarios. The simulations indicate that without a fundamental change in water policy (pricing and supply) Sydney faces the possibility of critical water shortages in the short- to medium-term should there be a continuation of low rainfall events.  相似文献   

11.
    
Water is a limiting factor of agricultural production in an increasing number of regions. There is also ample empirical evidence to suggest that the economic value of agricultural landscape is substantial, which has been used to justify agricultural support programs in developed economies. We investigate the link between the environmental amenity of agricultural landscape and the value of water in crop production. We find that the environmental externality gives rise to a social derived demand for water which differs from the market‐based (private) derived demand for water. Policy implications regarding irrigation water allocation and pricing are drawn. An empirical example illustrates the methodology and main findings.  相似文献   

12.
为解决强降水集中时期我国突出的排水权矛盾,开展排水权配置与交易的研究势在必行,而排水权交易价格问题又是排水权交易问题的关键要素。为此,在借鉴国内外有关水权交易市场和水权交易价格理论和实践的基础上,结合我国排水权交易的现状及特征,提出排水权交易价格形成的两个步骤:一是利用全成本定价法测算排水权交易的基础价格;二是在基础价格之上,研究排水权市场化定价方式。最后,构建出\"成本+竞价\"的排水权交易定价的综合模式,该模式综合协商定价、招投标定价和拍卖竞价于一体,充分发挥了3种交易方式的各自优势。研究结果有利于推动排水权交易市场的构建,为完善我国排水权交易管理制度提供参考。  相似文献   

13.
    
This study assesses the comparability of discrete choice experiment (DCE), ranking conjoint analysis (RCA) and multiprofile best–worst scaling (BWS) in a nonhypothetical context in terms of estimated partworths, willingness to pay (WTP), response consistency and external validity. Overall, the results suggest that: (i) the conjoint analysis formats that were used in this study provide similar estimated WTP, but different estimated partworths and computed external validity; (ii) the inclusion of the full ranking information in the estimation of the parameters of interest affects the estimated partworths, but not the estimated WTP; and (iii) it is more appropriate to use multiprofile BWS over DCE and RCA because it has better predictive power of consumers’ preferences and provides estimated WTP comparable to those obtained in the others conjoint analysis formats. The BWS’ cognitive process could be considered clearness for participants implying significant increment of its predictive power.  相似文献   

14.
宿晓  倪简  汪蕊 《水利经济》2016,34(6):68-71
通过对已有再生水定价方法进行分析,以基于成本的再生水定价模型为基础,建立了再生水供方最低定价模型;引入排污权交易这一重要因素,得出再生水需方最高定价模型,从而得到较为合理的再生水定价区间,并以常州市为例对上述再生水定价模型进行实证研究,最后讨论了基于排污权交易的再生水定价模型的特点与适用条件。  相似文献   

15.
    
We present a model in which consumers use product attributes (or labels) and their own beliefs to form expectations about the quality of a product. We use best–worst scaling to elicit beliefs, and study how information may influence these beliefs. In our ranking experiments, participants sort different milk products according to (perceived) nutritional or environmental quality, and we use the resulting choice data to recover beliefs econometrically. In a nutritional quality experiment, we measure how food labels (i.e. front‐of‐package, back‐of‐package and ratio of recommended to restricted nutrients) alter consumers’ beliefs, finding that truthful attribute information may sometimes mislead consumers. The discussion explains how similar experiments could be used to distinguish informative labels from marketing messages.  相似文献   

16.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The Australian National Water Initiative (NWI) builds on the foundations of earlier water reforms, attempts to correct earlier errors in both policy and its implementation, and seeks to better define some of the policy aims with the benefit of hindsight. However, despite the deliberate effort to improve on earlier reforms, the NWI still embodies a significant economic paradox. Although policymakers have shown their faith in the market insofar as allocating water between competing agricultural interests is concerned, they have not shown the same degree of faith in the ability of urban users to respond to price signals. This paper attempts to shed at least some light on this question by examining the responses of a number of State governments across Australia to the NWI. The paper specifically explores the rationale for non-price regulation in the urban context but challenges the long-term viability of this approach.  相似文献   

17.
关于农业两部制水价制定方法的探讨   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
李华  徐存寿  季云 《水利经济》2006,24(3):36-38
剖析《灌溉排水学报》2005年第2期发表的“可持续发展条件下的农业水价制定研究”一文中提出的农业水价制定原则、农业两部制水价的内涵、农业用水两部制定价模式及具体表达式等问题,指出其具体计价、计费公式存在着物理意义模糊、不同用水条件考虑不全面、定价模式本身存在着实际操作性较差且不能保证供水单位持续运行的缺陷。提出农业用水应考虑公平性原则、两部制定价的意义及两种农业用水两部制水价定价模式等。  相似文献   

18.
Competition Effects of Supermarket Services   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This article investigates the competition effects of supermarket services using fluid milk as a case study. A simultaneous equation model for services and price competition is estimated with scanner data from fifteen supermarket chains using two alternative measures of services, namely store size and principal components of in-store services. Empirical results show that increasing services results in economies of scope, greater supermarket chain-level demand, lower price elasticity of demand, and enhanced market power, leading to higher milk prices and quantity sold. We conclude that, as result of service competition, supermarkets differentiate themselves from competitors and successfully attract less price-sensitive consumers.  相似文献   

19.
    
Summary

In countries that have experienced rapid economic development the need to establish more efficient markets in which private property can be constructed has induced some innovative solutions. One such solution is the phenomenon of a pre‐sales market that can be observed in Taiwan, Korea and more recently in China. Developers sell their property before building is started to acquire financing for the development companies. This paper discusses the process and, by recognizing the analogy between the pre‐sales market and forward markets, analyses the implications for developers.  相似文献   

20.
    
This paper proposes a market‐based reform that would introduce competition into the provision of urban water. This proposal calls for a decoupling of infrastructure control and ownership of water whereby the property rights to water would be transferred to private hands. The proposal involves periodically allocation (e.g. by auction) of existing water stock held in urban catchments to virtual suppliers who then compete in providing bulk water. This change when coupled with effective third party access and retail competition would lead to a competitive market for the provision of urban water. The approach aims to address concerns over inefficient pricing and infrastructure provision under the current arrangement.  相似文献   

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