环境管制与工业生产率增长：东部地区的实证研究

本文运用曼奎斯特—卢恩伯格生产率指数,测度了2000-2007年东部工业在考虑SO2和不考虑SO2排放情况下的效率、生产率增长及其成份的增长率,并且估计出了环境管制给企业带来的成本。结果发现：上海和广东处于生产前沿;考虑SO2排放后,生产率增长率下降;天津的生产率增长、技术效率增长率和技术进步率都最高,北京环境污染管制的成本最高;FD I投入、国有企业比重、资本劳动比、废气治理投资和环境管制成本对生产率增长都有显著影响。     

环境约束下中国造纸产业全要素生产率分析

文章基于中国、美国和日本等11个国家造纸产业的相关投入产出数据,利用数据包络分析法(DEA)对11国的造纸产业的生产效率水平进行了分析。根据环境规制的特征,通过应用Malmquist方法测算了环境规制之下中国以及其他10个国家2000-2008年的生产率及其成分,并与不考虑环境因素的传统全要素生产率进行对比研究。研究结果表明：考虑环境管制后11个国家的造纸工业平均全要素生产效率是下降的;具体每个国家而言,考虑环境管制后美国、奥地利和中国的全要素生产率比不考虑环境规制要高,而其他八个国家的全要素生产率则是下降。根据研究结论,文章认为促进中国造纸产业的发展主要从三方面着手：一是进一步促进中国造纸产业的工业规模化发展;二是加快造纸产业技术创新;三是提高企业的生产管理水平。     

中国商业银行全要素生产率分析——基于三阶段Malmquist指数模型

本文运用三阶段Malmquist指数对我国商业银行2004—2008年的全要素生产率变化情况进行研究。研究结果表明,环境变量对我国商业银行的投入变量有显著的影响,传统的Malmquist方法高估了我国商业银行全要素生产率变化指数、技术进步变化指数以及技术效率变化指数;我国银行业在2004—2008年间出现了全要素生产率的改进,这主要源于技术进步的作用;金融危机的爆发使得我国银行业整体生产率大幅度下降,但对国有商业银行的影响要小于对股份制商业银行的影响。     

我国竞争行业生产效率的实证分析

本文对2000-2007年家具行业技术效率、全要素生产率以及生产率的变化进行了实证研究.研究表明:国有、联营、其它企业的市场竞争能力不强,港澳台、集体企业的竞争能力一般,私人、股份、外商企业的市场竞争能力比较强,生产率变化和企业数量具有正向关系,市场具有演化作用,它会淘汰不适应市场发展的企业类型,培养适应市场发展的企业类型.在此基础上,提出健全公平、自由、开放的市场体系,促进经济发展的建议.     

Does Environmental Protection Lead to Slower Productivity Growth in the Chemical Industry?

Efficiency and productivity growth is measured at the three-digit SIC level for six chemical industries for 1988–1993. The directional distance function is used to measure the lost chemical manufacturing output and the overproduction of toxic chemical releases. Total factor productivity growth is decomposed into a product of efficiency change and technical change. Accounting for toxic chemical releases, productivity grows at anannual rate of between 2.4% and 6.9%. We find no evidence that environmental protection measures reduce productivity growth.     

环境规制对汽车产业生产率影响的实证研究

基于效率视角,以北京市4家汽车生产企业为例,应用数据包络法进行实证分析。使用三项投入要素和一项产出要素,运用DEAP2.1软件计算出北京市汽车产业生产效率。然后加入环保投资这项投入要素,计算出汽车产业生产效率。进而对这两种计算环境下的生产效率进行对比。结果表明:高强度的环境规制超出企业的消化能力,导致汽车产业生产效率下降;而适当有效的环境规制则能降低汽车企业生产成本,使生产效率提高。     

中国装备制造业上市公司生产力和生产效率研究

本研究采用两阶段分析法,分别是数据包络分析法与Tobit回归分析方法,对2003—2008年中国38家装备制造业上市公司进行经营效率评价。在第一阶段,使用数据包络分析法去估计各装备制造企业的经营效率,并使用Malmquist生产力指数来测量各装备制造企业跨时期(数据为panel data)生产力变动的情形。在第二阶段,使用Tobit回归模型去估计我国主要装备制造企业的效率与区域GDP,各细分行业中外商和港澳台投资企业总资产、企业生产规模、区域科技支出及区域技术市场交易额等变量对装备制造企业经营效率的影响。根据研究结论,本文从效率角度提出了中国装备制造业的发展战略,即加强创新体系建设,夯实装备制造工业发展的基础;做好企业集团战略,提高产业集中度;积极促进技术市场发展;增强政策支持力度。     

von Thünen: Capital,Production Functions,Marginal Productivity Wages,and the Natural Wage

This paper puts seminal contributions to theory of production functions and maximization of explicit quantitative objective functions by Johann Heinrich von Thünen into a systematic historical perspective. We show that his comprehensive ‘Tableau Economiques’ do imply two exact parametric production functions. Moreover, the renowned ‘geometric mean wage’ formula is restated as an exact CES marginal labor productivity wage for σ = 2. We review four alternative modes of normative (natural) wage calculations without an explicit production function, and conclude that von Thünen's natural wage differentiation formulas are bona fide alternatives for deriving the natural wage formula.     

环境约束下的中国服务业全要素生产率增长

已有文献在测算服务业全要素生产率时,基本都没有考虑环境因素,而这种传统的全要素生产率测算方法由于忽视了环境污染问题的存在,并不能反映服务业生产率增长的真实绩效,甚至会误导政策建议。文章将环境因素引入服务业生产率体系,运用基于DDF的M almquist-L uenberger生产率指数对中国2004－2013年服务业分行业 T FP进行再估算,并结合M almquist生产率指数和服务业环境友好指数进行对比分析。研究发现,两种情形下服务业 T FP增长的主导因素都在于技术进步,忽视环境因素不仅高估了服务业全要素生产率的增长率,而且高估了其对服务业增长的贡献,环境因素对服务业增长绩效存在影响。环境约束下服务业 T FP影响因素的实证结果显示,服务业 FDI并不支持“污染天堂假说”,适当的环境规制在改善环境质量的同时还可以促进服务业生产率的提升,服务业发展水平、研发资本、禀赋结构和公众的环保意识对服务业环境 T FP也存在不同程度的影响。     

Financial Disruptions and Bank Productivity Growth: Evidence from the Malaysian Experience

This paper examines, for the first time, the productivity of the Malaysian banking sector around the Asian financial crisis 1997. The non-parametric Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is used to compute individual banks’ productivity levels. We find that the Malaysian banking sector has exhibited productivity regress due to the decline in efficiency. The results seem to suggest that the domestic banks have exhibited productivity progress attributed to technological change, while the foreign banks have exhibited productivity regress due to efficiency decline. We find that the large banks tend to experience productivity growth attributed to technological progress, while the small banks tend to experience productivity decline due to technological regress. The empirical results suggest that the small banks with its limited capabilities are at a disadvantage compared with their larger counterparts in terms of technological advancements, thus, rejecting the divisibility theory.     

出口、产业结构和生产率变动：来自制造业与生产者服务业的证据

经济转型需要生产和就业结构的根本改变。生产率提高带来资源尤其是劳动力资源的优化配置。然而,这种优化配置的出现在不同行业具有不同的特点,并且其影响因素也各不相同。本文利用2001-2007年的数据采用份额转换方法测定了制造业和生产者服务业的生产率变化以及劳动力资源的配置变化,然后,从多个层面分析了出口等因素对制造业和生产者服务业的影响,其中出口对资源配置的影响在中、高技术的制造业和生产者服务业中有较积极的影响。     

我国高等教育生产率增长、技术进步与效率变化

本文运用Malmquist指数对2003—2008年我国31个省、市、自治区高等教育的生产率变化情况进行分析,然后将其分解为技术进步与效率变化分析生产率变化的动力来源以及各地区的差异,并进一步对高等教育规模扩张与技术进步之间的关系进行研究。研究结果表明:我国高等教育生产率指数显示波动性上升趋势,且主要动力来源于技术进步;高等教育生产率的增长呈现出较大的地区差异性;高等教育的规模扩张与技术进步之间存在显著的负相关关系,当前的技术水平显然不能满足高校的需求。最后针对高等教育生产率变动的特征对高等教育的未来发展提出几点政策建议。     

通信设备制造业全要素生产率增长与技术进步

本文基于通信设备制造业23家上市公司2001～2006年的面板数据,利用非参数DEA模型的Malmquist指数,测算了通信设备制造业的全要素生产效率和技术进步效率。结果表明,通信设备制造业的全要素生产效率主要来源于规模效率而不是技术进步效率,并且技术效率一直是退步的。在此基础上。构建了影响我国通信设备制造业全要素生产效率和技术进步效率的面板数据模型,检验了影响因素的方向和程度。实证结果表明,通信设备制造业还处于规模报酬递增阶段,增加公司规模可以促进生产效率的提高,公司的研发创新能力和员工的受教育程度对公司全要素生产率和技术进步效率有着重要的正向作用,提高员工的受教育程度和加强公司创新能力应该是公司下一步经营的重点。     

Endogenous Sunk Costs, Flexible Manufacturing and the Productivity Effects of International Trade

The paper addresses the productivity effects of international trade in the presence of flexible manufacturing and endogenous sunk costs (cost-reducing R&D). It shows that international trade raises R&D expenditures, but this will not necessarily boost productivity because of possibly counteracting market structure effects. The analysis is conducted in general equilibrium so that implications for real wages and welfare can also be addressed. Both can fall when trade leads to excessive R&D investment.     

Efficiency,heterogeneity and cost function analysis: empirical evidence from pathology services in the National Health Service in England

Pathology services are increasingly recognized as key to effective healthcare delivery – underpinning diagnosis, long-term disease management and research. To the extent that pathology services affect a patient’s treatment pathway, significant healthcare costs are influenced directly by the performance of these services. Given pressures on the UK Department of Health to make efficiency savings and that little is known about the efficiency of pathology laboratories, this area offers unlocked potential for efficiency gains. We adopt a time varying inefficiency model, with laboratory-specific time paths for inefficiency, to identify potential savings in pathology services based on a panel of 57 English laboratories over a 5 year period. We apply a range of approaches to account for observable and unobservable heterogeneity between laboratories. We find potential efficiency savings of 13% in pathology services in this sample, which implies the potential for an annual saving of £390m in pathology across the NHS. Our study also provides valuable insights into the impact of a range of factors influencing laboratory costs.     

Productivity,Scale and Efficiency in the U.S. Textile Industry

In this paper we employ panel data techniques to address several issues related to the recent performance of the textile industry. We build on the research and results obtained by Ramcharran (in Empirical Econ 26:515–524, 2001) for the textile industry as a whole, by extending the analysis to the sector level. Using data for 23 sectors over 39 years (1958–1996), we estimate a variable elasticity of substitution (VES) production function; the results allow us to construct time-series of marginal products of inputs and elasticities of scale and substitution. We find evidence in support of the use of a VES function and conclude that there are systematic differences among textile sectors’ productivity and performance.     

中国城市化水平与产业生产率增长的实证研究

对1978-2008年中国城市化水平对第二产业和第三产业生产率增长的影响进行实证分析,结果显示：城市化对产业增长的影响有着类似于全要素生产率（TFP）的作用;城市化对产业生产率增长的技术效应和要素重置效应都有贡献。这表明,城市发展对产业增长形成了要素的集聚效应和重置效应,促进了产业生产率的提高;但工资成本的上升不利于产业生产率的增长。     

How Much Will It Cost to Join the Club? The Extra Costs of Approximating Lithuanian Environmental Laws with Those of the European Union

This paper presents estimates of costsassociated with approximating Lithuanianenvironmental protection legislation with thatof the European Union (EU). Lithuania is oneof twelve EU associate members in Central andEastern Europe that is currently preparing foraccession by approximating their legislationwith that of the EU. The costs of fifteen EUdirectives are considered and details are givenon four directives. Necessary investments maytotal Euro 1500 million by 2015 and the presentvalue of all annualized costs is expected to beabout Euro 2200 million. In 2015, annualized costsare estimated to be approximately Euro 500 million,but these costs are only part of the totalcosts of approximation. Non-environmentalcosts are not considered. Assuming a modestlyambitious average annual growth of GDP of 2.0%per year implies that approximation with thefifteen directives analyzed will cost roughly3.5% of GDP in 2015. This level of additional commitment to environmentalprotection is itself much higher than the 2.0%of GDP being spent on average by OECD countriesand suggests the possibility of a substantialeconomic burden on the Lithuanian economy. Public budgets and households are expected tocarry a substantial portion of this cost,because many directives are the responsibilityof national and local governments. Making theright choices that are expected to be part ofapproximation with the environmental acquis is likely to benefit from carefulcomparisons of costs and willingness to pay forthe environmental benefits of approximation.     

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agriculture in the EU: A Spatial Assessment of Sources and Abatement Costs

Agriculture significantly contributes to emissions of greenhouse gases in the EU. By using a farm-type, supply-side oriented, linear-programming model of the European agriculture, the baseline levels of methane and nitrous oxide emissions are assessed at the regional level in the EU-15. For a range of CO₂-equivalent prices, we assess the potential abatement, as well as the resulting optimal mix of emission sources in the total abatement. Furthermore, we show that the spatial variability of the abatement achieved at a given carbon price is large, indicating that abatement cost heterogeneity is a fundamental feature in the design of a mitigation policy. The cost savings permitted by market-based instruments relative to uniform standard are shown to be large.     

我国高技术产业资本生产率地区收敛性分析

利用收敛性理论,对1995-2004年我国不同区域之间的高技术产业资本生产率进行了收敛性分析.结果发现全国和东部地区的高技术产业资本生产率在1995-2004年间趋向于自身的稳态,同时,中西部地区与东部地区高技术产业资本生产率的差距逐步缩小.