Does social learning promote cooperation in social dilemmas?

In this study, we analyze how emergence of cooperation is related to social learning. Cooperation is an example of social behavior. It is frequency-dependent that is the success of a particular behavior depends on the number of individuals adopting each behavioral trait. We study how social learning can affect the evolution of cooperation in social dilemmas represented by two well-known games: Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) and Snowdrift (SD). We show that, in the PD game, increase in the proportion of social learners leads to the alleviation of the social dilemma. Whereas, in the SD game increasing the proportion of social learners does not always lead to the alleviation of the social dilemma, that is there is no simple monotonic relation between social learning and the weakening of the social dilemma.

     

Learning cycles in Bertrand competition with differentiated commodities and competing learning rules

This paper stresses the importance of heterogeneity in learning. We consider a Bertrand oligopoly with firms using either least squares learning or gradient learning for determining the price. We demonstrate that convergence properties of the rules are strongly affected by heterogeneity. In particular, gradient learning may become unstable as the number of gradient learners increases. Endogenous choice between the learning rules may induce cyclical switching. Stable gradient learning gives higher average profit than least squares learning, making firms switch to gradient learning. This can destabilize gradient learning which, because of decreasing profits, makes firms switch back to least squares learning.     

现代信息技术环境下的英语词典使用探究

词典使用策略是学习者获得语言能力的一项重要认知策略。该研究采用问卷调查和访谈的方法,对非英语专业大学生英语词典使用策略进行实证调查,试图了解不同语言水平的学习者在词典使用中的差异,从而探究词典使用策略与语言学习效果的相关性。在现代信息技术迅猛发展的时代,电子词典的使用在当代大学生中已相当普遍,但不少教师坚持要学生多查阅纸质词典。调查和访谈表明教师对电子词典的认知有待提高,以便更好地指导学生使用词典提高学习效率。     

Leave and let leave: A sufficient condition to explain the evolutionary emergence of cooperation

The option to leave your current partner in response to his behavior, also known as conditional dissociation, is a mechanism that has been shown to promote the emergence and stability of cooperation in many social interactions. This mechanism, nevertheless, has always been studied in combination with other factors that are known to support cooperation by themselves. In this paper, we isolate the effect of conditional dissociation on the evolution of cooperation and show that this mechanism is enough to sustain a significant level of cooperation if the expected lifetime of individuals is sufficiently long.     

Evolution of repeated prisoner's dilemma play under logit dynamics

In an evolutionary set-up, we append an ecology of iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) game strategies, consisting of unconditional cooperators (AllC), unconditional defectors (AllD) and reactive players (TFT) with two repeated strategies that have received less attention in the evolutionary IPD game literature: the error-proof, “generous” tit-for-tat (GTFT) which, with a certain probability, re-establishes cooperation after a (possibly by mistake) defection of the opponent and the penitent, “stimulus–response” (WSLS) strategy that resets cooperation after the opponent punished for defection. An abundance of rock–paper–scissors like patterns is discovered in the 3×3 ecologies comprising Pavlovian and “generous” players. Interestingly, the evolutionary success of Pavlov seems to depend on the absence of unconditional cooperators in the ecologies investigated.     

由需要层次理论谈高职学生的英语学习动机

人的需求产生动机,动机推动和引导人的行为。由需要而产生的学习方面的动机在学习者的学习中起着重要的作用。美国心理学家马斯洛把人的需要分为五个层次:生理需要、安全需要、社交需要、尊重需要和自我实现需要。马斯洛认为,上述五种需要是按次序逐级上升的。当下一级需要获得满足之后,追求上一级的需要就成为行动的动力了。在高职阶段,学生的需求主要体现在社会需求、尊重需求和自我实现(成就需求)三个层次,具体表现为能力需求、关系需求与自主需求。教师应该在了解学生这些需求的前提下,采取针对性的措施,满足学生的这些需要,从而有效地激发学生的英语学习动机,实现高职教学质量的提升。     

The use of mobile learning for visually impaired learners school in tolerance education contents

Mobile learning technologies become alternative way of learning to foster knowledge creation, skills development for learners. Especially in gaining open, equality and access in education, there is an intensified need to consider tolerance education content. Using mobile learning technologies and having particular skills to use mobile technologies for visually impaired adult learners have been investigated in this study. Mix method was employed and questionnaire and at the same time semi-structured interviews provide large amount of data to reveal challenges and possible strategies in enhancing mobile learning technologies for visually impaired adult learners. Thirty nine adult learners become part of this action research voluntary basis. The research reveals the practice of mobile learning technologies and its challenges in developing country and also shows how visually impaired learners need mobile learning and education to become digital citizen within the society. In this respect, using mobile technologies and having knowledge, skills for practicing mobile technologies need to be considered in detail for visually impaired adult learners based on proposed strategies. It is revealed that tolerance education content is important and can be diffused through the impact of technology and management. For further studies, contemporary mobile technology applications can be developed and tested with proposed model as underlined in this study.

     

企业微型学习的设计研究

随着计算机网络技术和移动通信技术的飞速发展,越来越多的企业机构期望更高效地组织员工学习新的技能和专业知识,以此提升企业的竞争力。而此时移动学习和娱乐学习的理念出现并广为流行,企业的学习者也越来越关注学习方式和知识管理的便捷性和实时性,企业微型学习的发展正是顺应了这一理念的需求,它是继数字化学习之后出现的一个新型的学习模式。     

探索产学研结合,构建校企合作育人平台

随着我国经济社会的快速发展对人才需求的变革,高等工程教育改革已是大势所趋,校企合作作为培养创新人才的有效途径,寻求学校与企业合作的有效运行机制是关系到高等工程教育可持续发展的战略问题。天津职业技术师范大学工程实训中心(以下简称"中心")通过不断探索,形成了以产学研结合为依托,以服务企业为宗旨,以不同层次为方式,全方位建立校企合作育人平台,并收到了良好效果。     

Neglected heterogeneity in moment condition models

The central concern of this paper is parameter heterogeneity in models specified by a number of unconditional or conditional moment conditions and thereby the provision of a framework for the development of apposite optimal $m$-tests against its potential presence. We initially consider the unconditional moment restrictions framework. Optimal $m$-tests against moment condition parameter heterogeneity are derived with the relevant Jacobian matrix obtained in terms of the second order own derivatives of the moment indicator in a leading case. GMM and GEL tests of specification based on generalized information matrix equalities appropriate for moment-based models are described and their relation to optimal $m$-tests against moment condition parameter heterogeneity examined. A fundamental and important difference is noted between GMM and GEL constructions. The paper is concluded by a generalization of these tests to the conditional moment context and the provision of a limited set of simulation experiments to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed tests.     

Learning trajectory in offshore OEM cooperation: Transaction value for local suppliers in the emerging economies

We focus on the unique role of offshore OEM cooperation as a learning opportunity for local suppliers in the emerging economies. In particular, we conceptually argue and empirically confirm the links between learning intent, capability enhancement, governance mode, and overall innovativeness from the perspective of local suppliers in offshore OEM cooperation in China as well as the influence of local business culture within these links. We address two issues: (1) offshore OEM cooperation can be a unique opportunity for local suppliers with strong intent to learn from foreign buyers for capability enhancement and (2) the moderating effects of trust and contact as two distinctive governance modes. Addressing the two issues, we make two specific contributions to the research on inter-firm cooperation, both of which derive from the often-neglected theoretical lens of transaction value. Our general contribution lies in the extension of the transaction value perspective by specifying its dual tenets of inter-firm co-specialization and shared-trust as the central theme of inter-firm cooperation to complement the transaction cost economics and also contextualize the research on inter-firm cooperation in terms of different partners’ perspectives as well as different governance modes.     

基于委托代理的区域高校协作激励机制设计

区域化的经济发展为区域高等院校协作提供了现实需求,加强高等教育区域协作已经成为必要,而如何设计有效的激励机制是协作成功与否的关键。本文通过建立地方政府和高校之间的协作机制模型,研究了我国区域高等院校协作中的委托代理问题和激励机制设计问题,并通过对模型的优化得到相应的激励机制。     

“一带一路”倡议促进了沿线国家产业结构升级吗？

本文旨在考察“一带一路”倡议对“一带一路”沿线国家产业结构升级的影响,在构建“一带一路”倡议影响沿线国家产业结构升级作用机制框架的基础上,基于49个沿线国家和65个非沿线国家2006—2018年的面板数据,采用倾向得分匹配与双重差分相结合的方法对“一带一路”倡议影响沿线国家产业结构升级的政策效应进行评估。实证结果表明,“一带一路”倡议在总体上能够显著促进沿线国家产业结构朝着高级化和合理化的方向发展。进一步分析表明“一带一路”倡议的政策效果具有“滞后”特征,随着时间推移,其影响程度和效果有增大趋势,并且“一带一路”倡议对不同收入水平以及不同区域位置沿线国家的产业结构升级效应存在显著异质性;在“一带一路”倡议下,通过扩大双边贸易往来、加强双边产能合作、积极推进沿线国家基础设施互联互通等途径,可以促进沿线国家产业结构优化升级,相比较而言,通过双边产能合作渠道对沿线国家产业结构升级的促进效果最大,贸易往来渠道次之,基础设施互联互通渠道最小。本文据此提出相应政策建议,以期为推动“一带一路”建设高质量发展和行稳致远提供一定参考。     

Corporate venturing and the rent cycle

This study views entrepreneurial rents as renewable opportunities and explores how firms can effectively utilize corporate venturing to create and sustain economic rents. Schumpeterian entrepreneurs create rents by harnessing corporate venturing to exploit attractive economic opportunities. The Schumpeterian rent is composed of Ricardian and Austrian rents. Ricardian rents result from unique and non-reproducible characteristics or competencies of the firm, and hence, are not appropriable by imitators. Conversely, Austrian rents, or economic profit, are subject to dissipation by imitators and attract entry by competitors or Austrian entrepreneurs until they are bid to zero or destroyed by another Schumpeterian innovation. In this formulation, Austrian entrepreneurs are modeled as infra-marginal rent seekers. Consequently, to sustain rents, firms must cycle between using corporate venturing to create or discover Schumpeterian entrepreneurial opportunities and using venturing as a mechanism to exploit existing rent generating opportunities.     

英语教学与文化思维差异

英语学习者时常会把本国的语言习惯、思维定势移植到英语学习中,以本族语言结构标准去比照英语语言结构。文中主要分析英汉思维差异以及两种语言在表达上的不同,与英语学习的关系及其对英语学习的影响。     

校企合作教育券方案研究

当前我国大力推行工学结合、校企合作人才培养模式,本文分析了合作现状和存在的主要问题,创新提出合作教育券方案,该方案内含了利益共享机制、互评机制和动力机制。     

浅谈青少年游泳初学者教学方法研究

游泳教学是一项较为复杂的教学与学习的过程,不同年龄的游泳初学者的学习心理和学习技能能力存在差异,在教学中应针对差别采取相应的教学方法和策略。本文将根据不同年龄段的青少年游泳初学者心理特点与学习技能能力的差异,浅谈游泳教学中采取的教学方法。     

Exploration-exploitation tradeoffs and information-knowledge gaps in self-regulated learning: Implications for learner-controlled training and development

Learning in modern organizations often involves managing a tradeoff between exploration (i.e., knowledge expansion) and exploitation (i.e., knowledge refinement). In this paper, we consider the implications of this tradeoff in the context of learner-controlled training and development. We then propose a model that integrates research on control theory, curiosity, and skill acquisition to explain how information knowledge gaps (i.e., gaps between what learners believe they know and what they desire to know) guide resource allocation decisions throughout the learning process. Using this model, we present testable propositions regarding (a) the different approaches learners take when resolving exploration-exploitation tradeoffs, (b) how systematic changes in learner perceptions translate into changes in systematic learner behavior, and (c) how common biases in key learner perceptions can undermine the functioning of self-regulated learning in training and development contexts. We finish with a discussion of the model's implications for the science and practice of training and development.     

Learning power in the workplace: the effective lifelong learning inventory and its reliability and validity and implications for learning and development

An organisation's ability to learn, to harness collective intelligence and to translate that learning rapidly into action in response to environmental challenges is the ultimate competitive advantage in the constantly changing context of the information age. It is an indicator of the organisations' resilience and adaptability in the face of uncertainty and change. Improving an organisation's capacity to learn will only have the desired impact on performance if it improves employee engagement at the same time. In this paper, we introduce the concept of learning power into the context of the workplace, drawing on what has been learned from its application in education and recent studies in the corporate and community sector in the UK and beyond. The seven dimensions of learning power were identified by Deakin Crick, Broadfoot and Claxton (2004, Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice, 11, 247–272) in the development of the effective lifelong learning inventory (ELLI), an assessment tool designed to enable learners to become aware of their own learning power and to turn diagnosis into strategies for improvement. We present the psychometric properties and the validity and reliability statistics of ELLI as the Learning Power assessment tool for learners in the world of work and community, based on an adult workplace population of over 5000. Finally, we explore the implications of these ideas and practices for learning in corporate organisations.     

网络环境下英语自主学习外部指向性条件优化分析

网络环境下的大学生英语自主学习能力与效率无疑与学生的主观能动性,如学习动机、学习策略等内部指向性条件密不可分,但同时学习者所处的外部环境,如物质条件、社会条件等外部指向性条件也会直接或间接影响学习者的自主学习能力与效率。优化英语自主学习外部指向性条件是目前大学英语教学的关键。