社会互动理论在高职旅游英语教学中的应用

旅游活动的国际化对高职旅游英语教学提出了更高的要求。调查显示,目前高职旅游英语教学中存在师生交流呈现单向性、教学过程过于模式化等问题。社会互动理论对高职旅游英语课程教学具有重要启示,应通过加强教师的德育工作、创设师生互动的学习环境、呈现开放式教学等项措施,创建符合旅游英语课程教学特点的新型教学模式,提升教学效果。     

社会文化与包装设计所产生的互动作用

从包装设计与社会文化所产生的互动作用角度,阐述两者之间相互联系、相互渗透、相互推动的关系。随着社会发展,包装设计不仅仅是停留在商品的表层面上,而更多的是给人类带来了艺术与科技完美的结合的视觉愉悦和超值的心理享受。与此同时,包装设计的发展状态也直接映射出一个国家经济文化发展状态以及国民审美水平和审美意识。     

机制设计理论综述

机制的新理解和激励相容概念使得机制设计框架得以确立,显示原理极大简化了分析框架。公共品经济难以有效权衡配置效率、自愿参与和激励相容。公共品提供的占优策略均衡机制,在拟线性环境和一般性经济环境下分别导致帕累托严格无效和独裁。在贝叶斯环境下,对于公共品经济和私人品经济,帕累托效率与自愿参与均难以兼容。其中,公共品不兼容性在极限角度仍成立。纳什执行及其拓展试图使在所设机制下的所有均衡结果对于社会选择目标而言都最优。放松关于信息结构和理性的假定,理论的最新发展围绕信息结构内生化、机制稳健化以及计算机制设计问题展开。     

基于相容信息的社会选择机制设计

探讨社会选择的机制设计问题,在分析社会选择机制设计现状的基础上,构建了基于相容信息的社会选择机制设计框架,提出了基于相容信息的社会选择机制设计所需要解决的问题,并给出了解决问题的思路。     

产业集聚与城市化互动发展机制研究:理论与实证

产业集聚与城市化是经济社会发展的两大趋势,集聚效应是它们的共同基础。通过理论与实现分析,发现二者之间存在相互促进关系,产业集聚通过要素集聚、产业结构优化升级、城市市化成本降低、城市竞争力提升等途径促进城市化发展;而城市化通过要素禀赋提升、基础设施建设、制度环境营造、社会需求扩张等途径影响产业集聚。最后,提出相关对策建议。     

企业投融资互动机制理论综述

尽管相对独立的企业投资理论、企业融资理论均有很大发展,但关于二者互动机制的研究则相对较少。研究表明,各种投融资理论都以某种企业理论作为基础,如何理解企业黑箱中的内容以及这些内容如何受到不同的投融资行为的影响,成为理解投融资互动机制的关键。     

防操纵性社会选择机制设计

在分析防策略投票理论研究现状的基础上,构建了防操纵性社会选择机制的设计框架,提出了防操纵性社会选择机制设计所需要解决的问题,并给出了解决问题的思路。     

民营企业社会责任推进机制研究

当前,我国民营企业普遍存在着较严重的社会责任问题,这既影响我国经济社会协调发展战略目标的实现,也成为企业自身持续成长的瓶颈,因此亟需探索出一套行之有效的系统解决方案。作者试图从政府推动、社会推动、法制推动和利益拉动等四个方面建立民营企业社会责任推进机制,以借助机制的长效推力解决民营企业社会责任存在的问题,为政府实现长效管理、民营企业健康发展,提供支持。     

正确认识利益相关论者的企业产权和社会责任观

"利益相关者"理论描述了企业同其他社会主体的联系,却没有看清各种不同关系的实质,以它作为诉求企业所有权的根据,混淆了不同的产权主体和产权客体,颠倒了所有权与契约关系的地位和作用,分不清不同经济关系的处理原则,在产权理论上产生一系列错误.另一方面,它指出企业不可能离开社会的支持,必须处理好同其他社会主体,特别是企业职工的关系,为改善企业的经营管理,树立企业的社会责任感,构建正常的市场关系,作出有益的启示.但是,社会主义公有制内部的利益关系已经大大超越了在资本主义土壤产生的"利益相关者"理论所涉及的内容.只有它才是构建社会主义和谐社会的可靠基础.以社会主义关系及其形成的思维去论证"利益相关者"理论,或者以这种理论去解释和处理社会主义公有制的内部关系,都是不可取的.     

Social preferences and public economics: Mechanism design when social preferences depend on incentives

Social preferences such as altruism, reciprocity, intrinsic motivation and a desire to uphold ethical norms are essential to good government, often facilitating socially desirable allocations that would be unattainable by incentives that appeal solely to self-interest. But experimental and other evidence indicates that conventional economic incentives and social preferences may be either complements or substitutes, explicit incentives crowding in or crowding out social preferences. We investigate the design of optimal incentives to contribute to a public good under these effects would make either more or less use of explicit incentives, by comparison to a naive planner who assumes they are absent.     

Online networks,social interaction and segregation: an evolutionary approach

There is growing evidence that face-to-face interaction is declining in many countries, exacerbating the phenomenon of social isolation. On the other hand, social interaction through online networking sites is steeply rising. To analyze these societal dynamics, we have built an evolutionary game model in which agents can choose between three strategies of social participation: 1) interaction via both online social networks and face-to-face encounters; 2) interaction by exclusive means of face-to-face encounters; 3) opting out from both forms of participation in pursuit of social isolation. We illustrate the dynamics of interaction among these three types of agent that the model predicts, in light of the empirical evidence provided by previous literature. We then assess their welfare implications. We show that when online interaction is less gratifying than offline encounters, the dynamics of agents’ rational choices of interaction will lead to the extinction of the sub-population of online networks users, thereby making Facebook and similar platforms disappear in the long run. Furthermore, we show that the higher the propensity for discrimination of those who interact via online social networks and via face-to-face encounters (i.e., their preference for the interaction with agents of their same type), the greater the probability will be that they all will end up choosing social isolation in the long run, making society fall into a “social poverty trap”.     

Human capital theory and social capital theory on sports management

This paper analyzes sports managers' earnings and blends traditional aspects of management derived from human capital theory with new aspects derived from social capital theory. It captures the integrative and relational aspects of sports management. In 2000, the authors carried out a questionnaire in the Madeira Island. Data about the amateur sports managers were then taken from it. Results obtained verify that sports managers' earnings are function of both types of theoretical determinants posited by the human capital theory and the social capital theory. The authors conclude that both issues are determinants of sports managers' earnings.     

Team reasoning theory: an experimental analysis of common reason to believe and social distance

The aim of this paper is to study the role of the “common reason to believe” (Sugden in Philos Explor 16:165–181, 2003) and the reduction of social distance within the theory of team reasoning. The analysis draws on data collected through a Traveler’s Dilemma experiment. To study the role of the common reason to believe, players’ beliefs in their counterparts’ choices are elicited, and the correlation between the endorsement of team reasoning and beliefs is considered. The relation between social distance and team reasoning is analyzed by introducing a meeting between the two players after the game. We show that the common reason to believe appropriately explains the internal logic of team reasoning and that a reduction of social distance does not produce any statistically significant effect on the probability that team reasoning will be used.     

The three webs: an attempt at an understanding of the future

This article poses questions about the significance of increased internationalization of science which has developed since the cold war. It deals with three different aspects of present-day science: particle ptpsics, nanotechnology and space exploration. In a simple way, research can be divided into three different froms: information (which, by definition, I call public), knowledge (that is, covered by intellectual property rights (IPR)) and training. Further, I assume that innovation is commercial and thus has a profit motive, in contrast with the scientific goal of enlarging our view of the universe. There is, however, a more fundamental issue which is the realization that the type of accounting economy we have is too naive to develop our society further. Consider figures form the US Department of Commerce-if research is one cost unit, engineering to protogpe is three and full production 20, or even 50 for pharmaceuticals. These figures indicate the present importance placed on rates of return on capital in assessing the effectiveness of research.     

Cooperative behavior and the frequency of social interaction

We report results from an experiment that examines play in an indefinitely repeated, two-player Prisoner's Dilemma game. Each experimental session involves N subjects and a sequence of indefinitely repeated games. The main treatment consists of whether agents are matched in fixed pairings or matched randomly in each indefinitely repeated game. Within the random matching treatment, we elicit player's strategies and beliefs or vary the information that players have about their opponents. Contrary to a theoretical possibility suggested by Kandori [1992. Social norms and community enforcement. Rev. Econ. Stud. 59, 63–80], a cooperative norm does not emerge in the treatments where players are matched randomly. On the other hand, in the fixed pairings treatment, the evidence suggests that a cooperative norm does emerge as players gain more experience.     

The role of human and social capital in growth: extending our understanding

Human capital, institutions and social capital are now all recognisedas significant factors of growth. They have largely been studiedseparately, and although they present sufficient common characteristicsto be conceptualised as one main category distinct from physicalcapital, it may still be more important to focus on the linksbetween their specific sub-categories. Direct links with incomemay be spurious, as there appears to be a ‘web of associations’between the sub-categories, which would benefit from furtherempirical investigation. This paper reviews the literature onhuman capital, institutions and social capital, extracting threesub-categories of human capital (human skills capital, stock-of-knowledgeand entrepreneurship) and two of social capital (low- and high-rationalisation).Specific areas are then suggested for further empirical study.     

Relative concerns at the workplace: on the design of the firm as a social space

This paper analyzes firm organization when social comparisons pervade the setting. We consider a firm employing two types of workers associated with different earnings. We assume that inter-group comparisons impinge significantly on the workers’ sense of wellbeing and on their behavior. Thereby we allow both relative deprivation as well as relative satisfaction sensed from (un)favorable income comparisons to coworkers to affect an individual’s utility and, in turn, skill acquisition. The consideration of relative concerns has several implications for the firm. We find that, next to the skill distribution and the composition of the workforce, output and labor productivity depend on the social environment.     

A positive theory of social security

In this paper I make two points. First, I argue that social security programs around the world link public pensions to retirement: people do not lose their pensions if they make a million dollars a year in the stock market, but they do confront marginal tax rates of up to 100 percent if they choose to work. Second, after arguing that most existing theories cannot explain this fact, I construct a positive theory that is consistent with it. The main idea is that pensions are a means to induce retirement—that is, to buy the elderly out of the labor force because aggregate output is higher if the elderly do not work. This is modeled through positive externalities in the average stock of human capital: because skills depreciate with age, the elderly have lower-than-average skill and, as a result, have a negative effect on the productivity of the young. When the difference between the skill level of the young and that of the old is large enough, aggregate output in an economy where the elderly do not work is higher. Retirement is desirable in this case, and social security transfers are the means by which such retirement is induced. The theory developed in this paper is also shown to be consistent with a number of other regularities documented in Section 1.