Interindustry R&D Spillovers for Electrical and Electronic Products: The Canadian Case

This paper estimates the effects of interindustry R&D spillovers on the cost and production structure for 10 Canadian manufacturing industries. Because of their high-tech nature and productivity performance, spillovers from electrical and electronic products are distinguished from other spillover sources. Generally, spillovers from electrical and electronic products generate cost reductions and render production processes for Canadian manufacturing industries more capital intensive (i.e. either more physical or R&D capital intensive). Social rates of return for R&D capital are calculated for all 10 industries. The social rates are 5–11 times greater than are the private rates. Indeed, the social rates are high for all the industries. This implies that the electrical and electronic products industry is an important interindustry spillover source but, like other industries, a major spillover-using industry.     

Issues in Assessing the Effect of Interindustry R&D Spillovers

This paper aims to clarify three issues concerning the weighting methodol ogy generally used to evaluate interindustry R&D spillovers. These issues concern the likely nature of the spillovers estimated through different types of supporting matrices; the similarity between input–output (IO), technology flows and technological proximity matrices; and the relevance of the assumption that a single matrix can be used for different countries. Data analyses of weighting components show that technology flows matrices are in an intermediate position between IO matrices and technological proximity matrices, but closer to the former. The various IO matrices, as well as the three technological proximity matrices, are very similar to each other. The panel data estimates of the effect of different types of interindustry R&D spillovers on industrial productivity growth in the G7 countries reject the hypotheses that a technology flows matrix can be approximated by an IO matrix and that a single IO matrix can be usedfor different countries. By transitivity, the procedure that comprises using a single technology flow for several countries is not reliable. The international comparison shows that each country benefits from different types of R&D externality. In Japan and, to a lesser extent, in the US, the rate of return to direct R&D is very high and is likely to compensate for relatively weak interindustry R&D spillover effects. In the five other industrialized countries, the reverse observation is true: strong social rates of return to R&D counterbal ance the poor performances of direct R&D.     

Estimating Regional Variations of R&D Effects on Productivity Growth by Entropy Econometrics

Abstract

In this paper we adopt an entropy econometrics-based estimator to study regional variations in regression coefficients and apply it to analyse productivity growths generated by R&D activities at a regional level. Considering the possible effects of the region's own R&D stock as well as the spillovers produced in other regions, the paper proposes the use of an entropy-based technique to estimate these effects for a specific location. Depending on the degree of heterogeneity of the set of regions analysed, it is possible that some of these regions present characteristics that enable them to more easily convert R&D efforts (generated in the region itself or obtained from other regions by R&D spillovers) into productivity gains, whereas in other regions the effect of (direct or spillover generated) R&D activities may be irrelevant. We illustrate this idea with an empirical application for Spanish regions.

RÉSUMÉ Dans la présente communication, nous adoptons un estimateur d'entropie à base économétrique pour l’étude de variations régionales des coefficients de régression et leur application pour l'analyse de d'augmentations de la productivité produites par des activités de recherche et développement à l’échelon régional. En se penchant sur les effets possibles du stock de recherches et développement propre à la région, ainsi que les retombées produites dans d'autres régions, la communication propose l'emploi d'une technique à base d'entropie pour effectuer une évaluation de ces effets pour un lieu spécifique. En fonction du degré d'hétérogénéité du groupe de régions analysé, il est possible que ces régions présentent des caractéristiques leur permettant de convertir plus facilement des interventions de recherche et développement (R&D) (générées dans cette même région, ou obtenues d'autres régions par retombées de R&D) en gains de productivité, alors que dans d'autres régions, l'effet (direct ou par retombée) d'activités de R&D pourra n'avoir aucune pertinence. Nous illustrons cette idée avec une application empirique pour des régions d'Espagne.

EXTRACTO En este estudio adoptamos un estimador basado en máxima entropía para estudiar las variaciones regionales en coeficientes de regresión, y lo aplicamos al análisis de los crecimientos de productividad generados por actividades de I+D a nivel regional. Considerando los posibles efectos del stock de I+D propio de la región, así como los spillovers producidos en otras regiones, el estudio propone el uso de una técnica basada en entropía para estimar estos efectos en relación con una ubicación específica. Dependiendo del grado de heterogeneidad del conjunto de regiones analizadas, es posible que algunas de estas regiones presenten características que les permitan convertir más fácilmente los esfuerzos de I+D (generados en la región misma u obtenidos de otras regiones a través de spillovers de I+D) en ganancias de productividad, mientras que en otras regiones el efecto de las actividades de I+D (directas o generadas de spillovers) podrían ser irrelevantes. Ilustramos esta idea con una aplicación empírica para regiones españolas.

摘要:

本文中, 我们采用基于熵计量经济学的估计器研究回归系数的区域变化, 并用它分析地域级R&D活动带来的生产率增长。考虑到区域自身R&D储备和其他区域的人才流入可能带来影响, 本文提出一种熵方法估计这些因素对某个特定区域的影响。根据所分析区域集的异质程度, 其中有些区域可能会表现出一些特征, 使其更容易将R&D能力 (该区域自己产生或者从其他区域流入)转化为生产收益, 而另外一些区域R&D活动的影响 (直接或者流入)与生产收益无关。我们以对西班牙地区的实验应用为例证明了这一论点。     

Macroeconomic effects of R&D tax credits on small and medium enterprises

Research and development (R&D) is regarded as a core factor for the long-run performance of both large enterprises (LEs) and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper analyzes the economic effects of R&D tax credits by firm size. It mainly aims to compare the results of tax policies oriented towards LEs to those towards SMEs. In order to estimate the impact numerically, we use a computable general equilibrium model, which incorporates some essential characteristics of knowledge. First, we introduce a social accounting matrix that differentiates between SMEs and LEs in manufacturing industries. Then, a knowledge-based macroeconomic model estimates outcomes for policy scenarios regarding tax incentives. The results show that SMEs support more rapid growth than do LEs when the same volume of tax credits is offered to both enterprise types. We suggest that the intensity of knowledge spillovers induced by SMEs is driving this result.     

新会计准则下政府补助会计税务处理及其对研发加计扣除的影响

新会计准则完善了旧会计准则的不足,且对会计税务处理以及财务人员提出了更高要求.为了使企业在之后的发展过程中能更好地处理税务工作,分析新会计准则给企业经营带来的影响十分必要.基于此,文章分析了政府补助的内涵,以此为依据分析与之相关的会计核算和税务处理工作,并以当前的企业案例为依据,总结新会计准则下政府补助的会计税务处理对...     

Measuring the Impact of Direct and Indirect R&D on the Productivity Growth of Industries: Using the Yale Technology Concordance

This paper investigates the impact of direct and indirect R&D on the productivity growth of 30 French industries during the period 1978–92. The main aim of this paper is to assess the appropriateness of the Yale Technology Concordance (YTC) as a proxy for indirect R&D flows. We compare the effect on productivity growth of the Yale proxy with the traditional proxy based on goods input–output flows, and assess their suitability for different groups of industries. Results indicate that the indirect YTC proxy performs slightly better than the traditional proxy, as a result of superior performance in the high-tech and service sectors in particular.     

Impact of R&D and Technology Diffusion on Productivity Growth: Empirical Evidence for 10 OECD Countries

This paper examines the empirical evidence on the impact of performed R&D and of R&D embodied in intermediate and capital goods on productivity performance in 10 major OECD countries over the last two decades. To quantify intersectoral and international technology flows, industry-level embodied R&D variables were constructed from an input–output (IO) R&D embodiment model. The productivity variables used are discrete Divisia growth indexes of total factor productivity (TFP), which were estimated from an IO growth accounting model. The results from pooled regressions indicate that the rates of return of the R&D variables were positively significant and increasing in the 1980s. In particular, embodied R&D is an important source for TFP growth in services, indicating very high social returns of the flows of capital-embodied technology into this sector. Moreover, the information and communi-cation technology (ICT) cluster of industries played a major role in the generation and cquisition of new technologies at the international level.     

研发投入、政治关联与创新绩效--来自创业板上市公司的经验证据

本文利用2013-2017年创业板上市公司的研发数据,建立面板数据回归模型,实证检验研发投入对创新绩效的影响,以及政治关联对两者关系的调节作用。结果表明:研发投入能够显著的提升创新绩效。政治关联对创新绩效的抑制效果显著;政治关联负向影响研发投入与创新绩效的关系,调节作用得到部分验证。     

负债融资对我国生物医药上市公司研发投入的影响研究

生物医药产业已经成为最具成长性的产业之一,其长周期、高风险、技术密集的行业特征使生物医药企业较一般传统企业而言面临着更甚的融资困境。论文选取2014-2018年我国生物医药行业上市公司的样本数据,分别从负债的规模、期限和来源三个方面研究负债融资对企业R&D投入的影响,研究结果表明:负债规模、短期负债、长期负债、银行借款以及商业信用均与企业R&D投入强度显著负相关。     

研发投入、内部控制与财务风险相关性研究

由于研发创新能为企业带来可观的投资回报,因此有更多的企业注重提高自身的研发创新水平。近几年,我国整体研发规模在不断扩大,但企业关于研发投入的财务风险管理方面还存在不足之处。本文选取2016-2020年国内A股上市企业为研究对象,对研发投入、内部控制与财务风险的相关性进行实证分析。研究结果显示:内部控制质量与财务风险负相关;研发投入与财务风险正相关;并提出相应对策,以期通过这一研究,对我国上市企业把控研发投入力度,提升内部控制质量,降低财务风险发生概率提供理论与实践的参考和借鉴。     

Cooperative and noncooperative R&D with spillovers: The case of labor-managed firms

This research focuses on the behavior of not-for-profit enterprises. In particular, using a familiar model of cost-reducing R&D with spillovers, we examine strategic interactions between labor-managed firms in a duopoly. Research spillovers have not been previously considered in the context of labor-managed firms. Among four market scenarios involving (i) competition in research and production; (ii) cooperation in research and production; (iii and iv) competition or cooperation in research and the reverse in production, our results show that research is greatest under full cooperation, while output is greatest under full competition. Output and R&D are the lowest in the case when firms compete in research, but form a production cartel. The degree of research spillovers has a crucial bearing upon these rankings. Some of these results differ from those for profit-maximizing firms. The effects of changes in research spillovers on employment (output) are shown to depend upon the nature of the underlying production technology. Policy implications are discussed.     

Creating technology candidates for disruptive innovation: Generally applicable R&D strategies

In this paper, we first examined the importance of technology creation in technological disruptive innovations (DIs), and found both academic scholars and industrial practitioners have underestimated the challenging nature and importance of technology at least in technological DI. We then moved upstream to study empirically how technology candidates could be created purposefully for potential technological DI. Four generally applicable R&D strategies were abstracted from intensive studies on 37 technological DIs, by applying the central thoughts of principal component analysis which transforms many correlated variables into a small number of uncorrelated ones. The four R&D strategies abstracted are miniaturization, simplification, augmentation and exploitation for another application. Their creation of DI was examined, postulated and then demonstrated by means of the Delphi method. The frequencies of their utilization were also compiled and the implications discussed. This study has further advanced the knowledge at the front-end of R&D, i.e. the technology perspective of DI. It hopes to facilitate more purposeful creation of technology candidates for potential technological DI in future.     

Coordination in global R&D organizations: An examination of the role of subsidiary mandate and modular product architectures in dispersed R&D organizations

International research and development (R&D) operations require a significant amount of coordination between the headquarters and the subsidiaries in order to integrate the dispersed activities in one final product. This article explores what mechanisms multinational companies (MNCs) use to coordinate their overseas R&D units. Based on a multiple case study involving nine MNCs with overseas R&D subsidiaries of varying mandates, we find that R&D sites with high technology and/or market orientation tend to be coordinated by informal mechanisms while sites with little technology and/or market orientation tend to be coordinated by formal mechanisms. Furthermore, it appears that this relationship is strongly affected by the product’s architecture: while rather complex R&D activities are conducted at the systems level and at sites with high technology orientation, less complex R&D activities are conducted at the component level at sites with low technology and market orientation. Finally, the findings suggest that modular product architectures have a coordinating effect in global R&D activities which have the power to lower firms’ overall coordination effort. The findings bear important implications for the effective coordination of MNCs’ international R&D subsidiaries.     

The impact of cluster connectedness on firm innovation: R&D effort and outcomes in the textile industry

Recent research into the clustering effect on firms has moved away from a simplistic view to a more complex approach. More realistic and complex causal relationships are now considered when analysing these territorial networks. Specifically, this paper attempts to analyse how cluster connectedness moderates the relationship of a firm's innovation effort and the results obtained from this effort. We want to question the commonly accepted direct and positive impact of R&D effort, and moreover, we suggest the existence of a saturation effect and that the level of cluster's inter-connectedness in the cluster moderates this effect. We have developed our empirical study focusing on the Spanish textile industrial cluster. This is a complex manufacturing industry that uses relatively low-technology manufacturing and R&D. Our findings suggest that the degree to which a firm is involved with, or connected to, other firms in the cluster can moderate the effect of the R&D effort on its innovation results. More generally, we aim to contribute to the discussion on the degree to which firms should be involved in the cluster network in order to operate efficiently and gain the maximum competitive advantages. Our findings have implications both in recent cluster and network literature as well for institutional policy.     

科研人才集聚与地区新旧动能转换

研究科研人才集聚与地区新旧动能转换的互动关系对推进地区经济高质量发展具有重大理论与现实意义。本文运用广义分位数(GQR)与面板门限模型,并结合较为有效的工具变量,研究了科研人才集聚与地区新旧动能转换的非线性互动影响效应,主要研究发现为:①科研人才集聚与地区新旧动能转换之间存在非线性互动关系,并且存在一个"临界阈值",超过这个"临界阈值"有利于两者构建"良性互促体"的集聚形态;②中国大部分省份科研人才集聚与地区新旧动能转换尚未形成"良性互促体"的集聚形态,尤其是西部地区,科研人才集聚与地区新旧动能转换构建"良性互促体"集聚形态存在较大的不确定性;③东部地区新旧动能转换与科研人才集聚明显偏离了构建"良性互促体"的最佳互动区间,科研人才集聚的速度快于地区新旧动能转换进程,而中部地区科研人才集聚与地区新旧动能转换的"临界阈值"水平较低,分别约为0.27、0.26,两者存在构建"良性互促体"集聚形态的良好基础。本文对"抢人大战"城市制定合宜的人才引进政策并推动地区经济高质量发展提供了针对性的政策建议。     

Different dimensions of knowledge in cooperative R&D projects of university scientists

An increasing speed of new knowledge generation and a growing specialization of individuals in specific fields make cooperative R&D projects indispensable to stay abreast of the latest technological developments. However, studies targeting this field of research have almost exclusively focused on industrial cooperation projects, neglecting the importance of academic R&D collaboration.We attempt to address this research gap by investigating completed R&D cooperation projects of 376 German professors of the chemical and biological sciences. Based on their evaluation, we can distinguish between successful and less successful projects mainly involving explicit or tacit knowledge. We further characterize these groups by identifying significant group differences regarding trust, the interdependency between partners, the frequency of communication and the closeness of partners. Overall, our study presents new empirical evidence that the codification of knowledge plays an important role for the success of cooperative R&D projects.     

The impact of open innovation on firm performance: The moderating effects of internal R&D and environmental turbulence

Researchers have identified open innovation as two dimensions, external technology acquisition and external technology exploitation. This study explores the direct and interactive effects of these two dimensions on firm performance and further examines the moderation effects of two factors (i.e., internal R&D and environmental turbulence) on the relationship between both types of open innovation and firm performance. Based on Chesbrough's open innovation model, multi-item scales were developed to measure two dimensions of firm-level open innovation. Survey results of 176 Taiwanese high tech manufacturing firms provide support for most hypotheses. The result shows that external technology acquisition positively affects firm performance, whereas external technology exploitation does not. This study also finds that external technology acquisition strengthens the relationship between external technology exploitation and firm performance. Both external technology acquisition and external technology exploitation are positively related to firm performance under high internal R&D investment and a turbulent market environment. However, technological turbulence only positively affects the relationship between external technological acquisition, but not external technology exploitation, and firm performance. The findings contribute to enhanced understanding of how the degree of leveraging open innovation dimensions depends on their complementarity, internal R&D, and environmental turbulence.     

The effects of slack resource of R&D professionals on firm performance: evidence from traditional manufacturing firms in an emerging economy

Abstract

As an important component of organizational human resource slack (HR slack), the slack of research-and-development (R&D) professionals has been studied by several authors. However, it remains unclear whether and how this small component of general HR slack, i.e. the slack of research-and-development professionals (RHR slack), may affect overall firm performance in an emerging economy without much R&D tradition or pro-R&D institutions. Based on two organizational theories, i.e. institutional theory and the resource-based view of the firm (RBV), we propose competing hypotheses on the relationship between RHR slack and firms’ accounting performance. We also examine whether the relationship between RHR slack and firm performance should be linear or curvilinear. Finally, we also test the relationship between RHR slack and other dimensions of firm performance. Several interesting findings have been obtained. For instance, neither the perspective based on institutional theory nor that based on RBV can fully predict all types of RHR slack-performance relationships, be these relationships linear or curvilinear.     

Managing technology licensing for stochastic R&D: from the perspective of an enterprise information system

Enterprise information technology (IT) plays an important role in technology innovation management for high-tech enterprises. However, to date most studies on enterprise technology innovation have assumed that the research and development (R&D) outcome is certain. This assumption does not always hold in practice. Motivated by the current practice of some IT industries, we establish a three-stage duopoly game model, including the R&D stage, the licensing stage and the output stage, to investigate the influence of bargaining power and technology spillover on the optimal licensing policy for the innovating enterprise when the outcome of R&D is uncertain. Our results demonstrate that (1) if the licensor has low (high) bargaining power, fixed-fee (royalty) licensing is always superior to royalty (fixed-fee) licensing to the licensor regardless of technology spillover; (2) if the licensor has moderate bargaining power and technology spillover is low (high) as well, fixed-fee (royalty) licensing is superior to royalty (fixed-fee) licensing; (3) under two-part tariff licensing and the assumption of licensors with full bargaining power, if a negative prepaid fixed fee is not allowed, two-part tariff licensing is equivalent to royalty licensing which is the optimal licensing policy; if negative prepaid fixed fee is allowed, the optimal policy is two-part tariff licensing.     

Property rights protection,financial access and corporate R&D: Evidence from a large representative sample of Chinese firms

The motivation of this paper is to explore why corporate R&D investments are significantly different under similar institutional backgrounds. Our estimates not only confirm a positive relationship from property rights protection (hereafter PRP) to corporate R&D, but also show the mediation effect of financial access on this positive relationship. Thus, we use financial access to explain the variant effect of PRP on corporate R&D. With exogenous instrumental variables, our estimates are robust to endogeneity issues.