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We explore the conjecture, first hinted at by Peter Minowitz, that Smith deliberately placed his central idea, as represented by the phrase ‘led by an invisible hand’, at the physical centre of his masterworks. The four most significant points developed are as follows: (1) The physical evidence: the expression ‘led by an invisible hand’ occurs pretty much dead centre of the 1st and 2nd editions of The Wealth of Nations (WN), and of the final edition of the tomes containing The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS). (2) The rhetoric lectures show that Smith not only was conscious of deliberate placement of potent words at the centre, but thought it significant enough to remark on to his pupils, noting that Thucydides ‘often expresses all that he labours so much in a word or two, sometimes placed in the middle of the narration’. (3) The invisible‐hand paragraphs in TMS and WN both contend with Rousseau and hearken back to the Rousseau passages that Smith had translated and provided in his 1756 article on literature. (4) There are numerous and rich ways in which centrality and middleness hold special and positive significance in Smith's thought. 相似文献
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Gavin Kennedy 《Economic Affairs》2011,31(1):53-57
Daniel Klein and Brandon Lucas's ‘In a Word or Two, Placed in the Middle: The Invisible Hand in Smith's Tomes’, following a vague hint by Peter Minowitz (2004) , offers original physical evidence that Smith ‘deliberately placed the phrase “led by an invisible hand”– at the physical centre of both his masterworks’. Further, it suggests that the invisible‐hand paragraphs are a response to Rousseau (1755 ); and that in ‘numerous and rich ways’, centrality holds ‘special and positive significance in Smith's thought’. This paper acknowledges the physical centrality of the invisible‐hand metaphor, but questions whether centrality alone gives weight to wider claims that the ‘invisible hand’ was Smith's ‘central idea’. It draws upon Smith's Rhetoric Lectures (1763), and argues that the invisible‐hand paragraphs in The Theory of Moral Sentiments and Wealth of Nations identify the actual objects of the invisible‐hand metaphor. This paper insists that Adam Smith is the most reliable source for revealing what he meant. In contrast, most modern attributions of special meaning to Adam Smith's use of the metaphor ignore Smith's teaching on the use of metaphors and, instead, make numerous, and often mutually exclusive, claims that Smith had a ‘doctrine’ of ‘an invisible‐hand’. 相似文献
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Daniel B Klein 《Economic Affairs》2020,40(2):209-219
Karl Mittermaier (1938–2016) completed a work in 1987 titled The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand: Dogmatic and Pragmatic Views on Free Markets and the State of Economic Theory, published for the first time in 2020. Here I treat Mittermaier's rich meditation, which I interpret as a pursuit of greater coherence in classical liberal thought. Mittermaier emphasises the moral, cultural, and institutional preconditions of a liberal market order, and argues that some of the preconditions depend on people feeling that they have reason to embrace such classical liberal principles. The preconditions, then, depend in part on the perception of coherence and appeal of the liberal order. 相似文献
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Mikko Arevuo 《Economic Affairs》2023,43(3):372-387
This article draws on textual evidence from The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations to address mistaken interpretations of Adam Smith's fundamental concept of self-interest as greed that has been said to have had a corrosive influence on markets, commercial behaviour, and widening inequality. To the contrary, Smith's complex set of human motivations, including self-interest, his economic system that is based on free markets, and institutional frameworks governing productive property rights and the rule of law are argued to increase aggregate wealth, improve the position of those least well off, and maintain ethical social order. 相似文献
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Daniel B. Klein 《Economic Affairs》2010,30(3):82-85
This article interprets F. A. Hayek as having been constrained by the statism and modernism of his times, and as writing in a way that obscured some of his central ideas. I suggest that between the lines we can see a focus on liberty understood hardily as others not messing with one's stuff– even though Hayek in The Constitution of Liberty defined liberty in ways that tended to obscure this hardy definition, and Hayek often used code words like ‘competition,’‘the market,’ and ‘spontaneous’ where ‘liberty’ or ‘freedom’ would have been plainer, albeit more offensive to the culture. Seeing the hardy definition of liberty between the lines in Hayek enables us to see his focus on the liberty principle and his case for a presumption of liberty. Such a reading of Hayek, I suggest, is true to Adam Smith, who expounded a central message that by and large the liberty principle holds, and that it deserves the presumption in our culture and politics. 相似文献
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亚当.斯密在其名著《国富论》中提出并论证了作为市场经济伦理基础的"自由"、公平"和"互利"。这些价值理念为市场经济的良性运行提供了道德支撑。它们内涵丰富,同时又有其张力和适用限度。 相似文献
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Craig Smith 《Economic Affairs》2013,33(3):334-347
As the 2014 referendum on whether Scotland should become an independent country approaches, there is increasing debate about the nature and advantages of the relationship between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom. This paper seeks to examine the views on the Union between Scotland and England that are found in the writings of the main figures of the eighteenth century Scottish Enlightenment. It examines the arguments that Scotland's most famous social and political thinkers, such as David Hume and Adam Smith, put forward in favour of union with England and uses them to inform the contemporary debate. 相似文献
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领导-成员交换是组织人际关系研究的重要组成部分,一直以来受到研究者的广泛关注。然而,当员工作为领导者的"圈内人"时,似乎容易受到领导者的特殊"保护",并从事偏离行为。基于社会控制理论,本研究采用多来源的问卷调查方法,探讨了领导-成员交换的消极面。研究结果表明:高质量的领导-成员交换关系导致员工产生感知偏离容忍,进而导致其偏离行为增加。这一过程又受到员工道德推脱水平的调节作用,即当员工的道德推脱水平较高时,领导-成员交换通过员工的感知偏离容忍正向影响其偏离行为的间接效应显著;当员工的道德推脱水平较低时,上述间接效应不显著。本研究为领导-成员交换提供了更加全面和辩证的研究视角,同时也拓展了社会控制理论、感知偏离容忍和偏离行为的相关研究。除此之外,本研究也为企业管理实践提供了可供借鉴的经验和指导。 相似文献
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G. E. Rodriguez 《Review of Economic Design》2007,10(4):341-361
This paper shows that the marginal value of a “small amount of non-output information” is generally non-positive in the context
of the standard principal-agent model involving moral hazard, which suggests a non-concavity in the value of information.
However, when both the principal and the agent are risk neutral, even a small amount of non-output information may exhibit
a positive incremental value in presence of a liability constraint.
相似文献
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针对以往运动员无形资产测度的非量化特征以及给体育产业、体育市场有序发展带来的不便,在分析运动员无形资产内涵和特点的基础上,提出一个运动员无形资产简化评估模型,并给出评估过程和程序。 相似文献
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西方资本结构理论的新发展:一个理论综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
资本结构理论是现代公司财务理论研究中十分重要的部分。西方资本结构理论研究的目的在于从理论上解释决定企业资本结构的主要因素,揭示企业资本结构与企业市场价值及企业财务行为的内在关系,为企业投融资决策提供理论基础。从20世纪70年代开始,以产权理论、代理理论、信息不对称理论及产业组织理论为核心的新资本结构理论,突破了MM定理研究框架的束缚,开拓了资本结构理论研究的一个更为广阔的领域。本文对自20世纪70年代中期以来西方资本结构理论的新发展作一综述,以期为转轨时期的我国公司的投融资决策提供一些有益的启示和借鉴。 相似文献
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Chung-Wha Ki Sangsoo Park Jung E. Ha-Brookshire 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2021,30(2):1121-1135
For long, the fashion industry has adopted the linear economy's “take-make-use-throwaway” system, an approach that has adverse side effects, such as economic loss, environmental destruction, and threats to human society. To address these adverse consequences from fashion's linear system, governments and business leaders are advocating the societal need for a shift from the linear economy to the circular economy, which endorses the “take-make-use-reuse” system. Despite the growing demand for changing to a circular economy in the fashion business (circular fashion [CF]), two critical issues remain understudied in the current literature. First, although academic research on CF has increased in the past 5 years, the lack of scalable CF research has hindered the industry's ability to increase its adoption of a truly circular economy. Second, although the fashion industry faces complex challenges in instituting CF in that just one supply chain member's (a fashion retailer's) commitment is not sufficient to create a truly CF without the involvement of others (consumers), there is yet no empirical research that investigates whether consumers morally support the idea of a CF and feel obliged to take part in fashion businesses' CF offerings. Thus, we investigate whether and how morally grounded traits—corporate moral responsibility (H1+), consumer moral responsibility (H2+), their interaction effect (H3), and corporate hypocrisy (H4−)—influence consumers' attitudes and engagement (H5+) toward fashion corporations' CF offerings. Our empirical evidence, using a U.S. consumer survey dataset of 351 responses, shows that all of these hypotheses are supported. The results provide important theoretical and managerial implications. 相似文献
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无形城市作为新时空背景下的城市发展形态,其无形性和流动性给当前城市运营理念带来了冲击.无形城市给城市竞争力注入了新的参考因子,赋予了城市竞争力新的内涵,必将使城市之间的竞争提升到新的阶段;无形城市顺应了城市二次现代化的要求,也为二次现代化提供了方向;无形城市使得现行的城市管理模式受到冲击,给城市管理者带来了新的挑战. 相似文献
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结合精神文明建设和社会承诺制在全民中宣传贯彻ＧＢ／Ｔ１９００４．２—１９９４《质量管理和质量体系要素第二部分服务指南》，使精神文明建议和社会承诺制具有了规范性、准确性、权威性和严肃性，从而提高各行各业的服务质量，形成良好的社会风气。将标准化介入精神文明建设的建议具有很好的参考价值 相似文献
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简要介绍了航空物流的基本概念,并从近年来广西航空物流发展现状着手,对广西航空物流进行深入分析;重点提出面向东盟的广西航空物流中心的构建对策;阐述了调整目前航空物流结构,建设综合航空物流中心,整合民航资源,改善机构的经营机制,应成为广西民航下一步发展方向。 相似文献
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制造业是国民经济的核心产业，制造业物流外包是第三方物流发展的重要推动力．制造业物流管理水平的提高反映了一个国家、一个地区的物流发展水平，也反映了一个国家、一个地区的经济发展水平。武汉作为华中地区最大的城市．也是我国重要的工业城市，武汉制造业的发展水平．对我国工业化的影响有着举足轻重的作用。武汉市做出建设华中物流中心的规划，将对武汉制造业的发展起到积极的支撑作用。 相似文献
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随着高等教育管理体制改革的深化,高校固定资产出现了大量浪费的问题。如何提高高校固定资产使用的效率,增强固定资产管理力度,提高其使用可持续性极为重要。针对目前国内高校固定资产管理的问题,引入分权管理思想和标准成本管理方法,提出了固定成本责任中心的管理方法,试图以此提高固定资产使用的可持续性。 相似文献
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为了使机动车在工作过程中,刹车稳定、可靠、敏捷,论文对某种型号机动车的手动式刹车机构进行了改进设计,应用后达到了刹车稳定、可靠、敏捷的目的,同时,延长了机构的使用寿命,减少了不安全的因素,保障了人们的财产及生命安全。目前,该种型号的机动车已销往国内外,得到用户认可,提高了企业的社会声誉,创造了很高的经济效益,该机构具有极高的实用性及推广价值。 相似文献