共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Ryan H Murphy; 《Economic Affairs》2024,44(2):338-352
Three characteristics of developed twenty-first century countries are high levels of state capacity, democracy, and economic freedom. This article compares countries that lack one of the characteristics with countries that have more even levels of institutional development. Countries which lack democracy use other means to secure political legitimacy, and those without strong states are geographically concentrated in Latin America and eastern Europe. Those without liberalised economic institutions are an idiosyncratic group that have unconventional historical paths. These findings speak to the prospects for development outside the liberal democratic path, the nature of development in the absence of a state, and unexplored determinants of economic freedom. 相似文献
2.
Alexander Jelloian 《Economic Affairs》2023,43(2):229-244
Classical liberals have long held that free markets foster peaceful societies. Many argue that free trade between nations will foster economic interdependence, and peace should ensue as a result. Nevertheless, there are many dissenters. While exploring the relationship between free trade and peace is important, it is only one part of ‘economic freedom.’ More research needs to be conducted to see how countries with high levels of entrepreneurship, low levels of corruption, independent judiciaries, and sound regulatory environments might be fostering peace. 相似文献
3.
Christian Bjørnskov 《Economic Affairs》2018,38(1):22-37
Whether or not economic freedom and capitalism are associated with better or worse environmental performance gives rise to a heated political debate. This article sheds empirical light on the debate by examining the association between economic and political freedom on the one hand and environmental performance on the other. Estimating the effects of economic freedom and democracy on four environmental measures since 1993 across 27 formerly communist countries shows that liberalising the size of the public sector is associated with less environmental damage, although only in autocracies. The consequences of regulatory activity, market openness and the rule of law are more mixed. 相似文献
4.
Rainer Zitelmann 《Economic Affairs》2023,43(3):353-371
The author commissioned a survey on the image of capitalism in 34 countries. In only six of these countries – led by Poland and the United States – do pro-capitalist attitudes dominate. Although approval of capitalism increases when the word ‘capitalism’ is omitted (and instead only described), even then a positive attitude dominates in only seven of 34 countries. The most frequently mentioned criticisms of capitalism are that capitalism is dominated by the rich and that capitalism leads to growing inequality. Respondents with higher incomes and higher levels of education, men, and those who classified themselves as being on the right of the political spectrum are less anti-capitalist or are more pro-capitalist than the population at large in most countries. In 33 countries, anti-capitalists tend to be more conspiracy-minded than pro-capitalists. 相似文献
5.
Ryan H. Murphy 《Economic Affairs》2019,39(1):101-114
According to popular attitudes in Western democracies, the choice between right‐wing and left‐wing parties is a choice between socialism and unbridled free markets. In contrast, the cold and staid research of academia has frequently concluded that particular political parties do not really matter, as whichever party is elected will be closely tethered to the will of the median voter. This article considers the effects of the ideology of parties in power over the long run (1928–95) on economic freedom in subsequent periods. Right‐wing governments are found to have modest, positive effects on economic freedom, but the effects are not particularly robust. The findings here are consistent with others elsewhere, which conclude that there is minor, uneven evidence of an effect. Nonetheless, historically small effects may not be indicative of the future, should these effects be poorly indicative of today's tumultuous political landscape. 相似文献
6.
This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed by Wong, Ho, and Autio (2005), to reflect differences in the economic effects of opportunity and necessity-based entrepreneurship in both emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for the years 2004 and 2005, as collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research and Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) research, are used to identify predictors of GDP growth for emerging and developed nations. The GEM data are used to determine the effect of different types of entrepreneurship on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geography, endogenous growth theory and national systems of innovation. This contribution to the literature suggests that, in developed countries, a significant portion of economic growth rates can be attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national investments in knowledge creation and regulatory freedom. However, in emerging countries this effect is absent. It is hypothesized that a threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy, below which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms. 相似文献
7.
Robert Ellmann 《Economic Affairs》2009,29(1):40-44
Over the past 30 years, the USA has enhanced economic freedom in a paradigmatic way. This was accomplished through its unique 1978 bankruptcy law legislation, which itself had been necessitated by the previous over-use of the credit card. Curiously, this expansion of economic freedom is reminiscent of some nineteenth-century calls for social justice. 相似文献
8.
Emmanuel Martin 《Economic Affairs》2012,32(3):94-96
Had the Arab Spring been widely interpreted as a revolution for ‘laissez faire’, it would certainly have stimulated more reflection on the central place of the entrepreneur in economic development, and the fundamental role of economic freedom to let this prosperity‐generating entrepreneurship flourish. The future of the Arab Spring depends on the capacity of the new democratically elected governments to implement measures to prevent crony capitalism, restore the rule of law and promote economic freedom in order to ensure general prosperity. 相似文献
9.
Capitalism is the most efficient system for solving problems and for advancing human welfare. Yet it faces opposition both from intellectuals and those with vested interests in big government. If business leaders would push for ‘liberate to stimulate policies’, they might succeed in creating a freer tomorrow and solving more of humanity's problems. 相似文献
10.
Morten Sølvsten Schaiffel-Nielsen 《Economic Affairs》2020,40(2):220-236
This article explores the association between money and long-run economic growth in a panel of 27 countries over 200 years. It presents evidence of a complementarity between freedom and decentralisation of the monetary system in terms of their contribution to growth in GDP per capita. The significant and positive association between freedom and economic growth is found to be significantly stronger in a decentralised (market-based) than in a centralised (government-controlled) monetary system. For the average level of freedom across the 27 countries today, shifting from a centralised to a decentralised monetary system is predicted to almost double growth rates. 相似文献
11.
The question of payment and its determination has in China exposed tensions between socially embedded values and the functional requirements for modernization. These can be expressed respectively in terms of a traditional model, which predicts that earnings will be higher for people who are older, loyal to their unit and male, and a reform model, which predicts that earnings will be higher for people who have formal qualifications, have relevant training, hold positions of greater responsibility and are performing well and/or belong to a successful enterprise. The postulates of these two models, and the extent to which their relevance has changed with China's economic reform, are examined in the light of data on 144 job-holders in six Beijing state-owned enterprises, collected at two points in time, namely October 1985 and March 1990. The results indicate that in 1985 factors identified by the traditional model, especially age, were the most important predictors of earnings. By 1990 some movement towards the reform model had taken place, although age continued to have an important, albeit weaker, association with level of earnings and the link between pay and performance was still quite limited. 相似文献
12.
韩郁光 《中国高新技术企业评价》2007,(16):65-65,67
在企业竞争日趋激烈的国际环境下,我国企业面临的主要问题就是如何生存发展,获得竞争优势,本文从我国企业的实际情况出发,针对我国企业存在的问题,来进一步说明竞争情报在企业发展中的重要作用。我国企业应重视和利用竞争情报实现对竞争环境、竞争对手的监测和分析,建立有效的竞争策略。 相似文献
13.
孙文远 《数量经济技术经济研究》2006,23(4):61-69
本文讨论了存在成本差异的第三国市场模型的最佳贸易与产业政策选择问题,讨论了社会成本和私人成本、本国和外国成本差异情况下的Cournot竞争和Bertrand竞争的情况。本文发现,在Cournot竞争下,政府首先行动时,当政府基金影子价格低于4／3时,政府对出口进行补贴,并且本国越有成本优势,补贴越高,补贴的利润转移效应越大;当政府基金影子价格高于4／3时,政府对出口征收出口税,且本国越有成本优势,征税越多。在Bertrand竞争下,当政府先行动时,对出口征收出口税;当政府后行动时,对出口进行补贴。当本国企业具有劣势时,事后补贴是最佳政蓑。 相似文献
14.
David S. Oderberg 《Economic Affairs》2017,37(2):167-181
Contemporary liberal societies are seeing increasing pressure on individuals to act against their consciences. Most of the pressure is directed at freedom of religion but it also affects ethical beliefs more generally, contrary to the recognition of freedom of religion and conscience as a basic human right. I propose that freedom of dissociation, as a corollary of freedom of association, could be a practical and ethically acceptable solution to the conscience problem. I examine freedom of association and explain how freedom of dissociation follows from it, showing how dissociation protects freedom of religion and conscience. Extreme cases, such as the problem of the Satanist nurse, can be handled within a dissociationist framework, so it is reasonable to think less extreme cases can also be dealt with. The serious objection that dissociationism entails unjust discrimination is answered primarily by appeal to the need for ‘full and fair access’ to goods and services by all groups. I then allay important concerns about what kind of liberal society we should want to live in. Next, I refute the charge that a dissociationist society violates liberalism's ‘higher good’, arguing that liberalism strictly does not have a higher good. I conclude with some reflections on what a dissociationist society might look like. 相似文献
15.
本文以2003—2014年中国非金融类上市公司年度数据为样本,以企业投资趋同行为为媒介,实证分析宏观经济周期波动对政府控制治理效应的影响机制。研究发现：国有股权控制有利于抑制企业投资趋同行为,而且国有企业的政府直接控制比间接控制更有利于抑制企业投资趋同行为;控制级别越低,越有利于抑制企业投资趋同行为;企业投资趋同行为自身具有逆周期特征;与经济紧缩期相比,在经济扩张期,政府控制与企业投资趋同行为的关系会被削弱。 相似文献
16.
Ryan H. Murphy 《Economic Affairs》2016,36(2):145-154
This article explores the relationship between country membership in major intergovernmental organisations and economic freedom. While it makes no claims to have found any broad theoretically bound, robust causal mechanism, baseline fixed effects models establish relationships amongst economic freedom and membership in the EU, NATO, WTO, UN, OECD, World Bank, and IMF. Though the results are not simple, the strongest findings are negative relationships with the UN, IMF, and WTO, and positive relationships with the World Bank and possibly the EU. 相似文献
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18.
利用状态空间模型建立了经济增长与出口贸易之间的变参数模型,并利用E-G两步法检验了两者之间的关系,得到如下结论:(1)考虑制度变迁因素,GDP与出口贸易之间存在着均衡比例变化的变协整关系;(2)该时变均衡比例总体上有平稳的趋势且伴随着制度变迁及政策变动上下波动。 相似文献
19.
Gurupdesh S. Pandher 《Revue internationale de statistique》2007,75(2):150-169
The paper presents a method for modelling and controlling time series with identity structures. The approach is presented in the context of monetary targeting where the monetary identity (e.g. reserve money equals net foreign assets plus domestic credit) is modelled using a constrained state space model and next‐period changes in domestic credit (policy variable) are estimated to reach the target level of reserve money. The constrained modelling ensures that aggregation and identity relations among items are dynamically satisfied during estimation, leading to more accurate forecasting and targeting. Applications to Germany, UK and USA show that the constrained state space model provides significant improvements in targeting and forecasting performance over the AR(1) benchmark and the unconstrained model. Reduction in the mean square error of targeting over AR(1) is in the range of 76–95% for the three countries while the gain in targeting efficiency over unconstrained modelling is between 21% and 55%. Beyond monetary targeting, the method has wide application to the dynamic modelling and control of economic and financial time series with identity and aggregation constraints (e.g. balance of payment, national income, purchasing power parity, company balance sheet). 相似文献