演化经济理论的渊源与发展

演化经济思想的渊源可以追溯到马歇尔和熊彼特 ,纳尔逊和温特富有影响的著作《经济变迁的演化理论》问世后 ,演化经济理论更是得到了迅速发展。我们必须通过对演化思想发展历程的回顾 ,才能了解到演化经济理论的根本理念     

Learning Opportunities and Learning Behaviours of Small Business Starters: Relations with Goal Achievement,Skill Development and Satisfaction

Learning is a vital issue for small business starters, contributing to short- and long-term business performance, as well as to personal development. This study investigates when and how small business starters learn. It specifies the situations that offer learning opportunities, as well as the learning behaviours that small business starters can employ in order to learn from these opportunities. In a cross-sectional, quantitative study of recently started small business founders, learning opportunities and learning behaviours are related to three outcome measures: a performance outcome (goal achievement), a personal growth outcome (skill development), and an affective evaluation outcome (satisfaction). The results show the importance of learning opportunities and learning behaviours in influencing these outcome variables, albeit not always in the directions we hypothesized.     

Reconceptualizing Entrepreneurial Performance: The Creation and Destruction of Value from a Stakeholder Capabilities Perspective

Journal of Business Ethics - Although scholars have long known that entrepreneurship involves the interaction of countless individuals beyond the entrepreneur, traditional performance metrics are...     

A Network Perspective on Stakeholder Management: Facilitating Entrepreneurs in the Discovery of Opportunities

The problem of opportunity discovery is at the heart of entrepreneurial activity. Cognitive limitations determine the search for and the analysis of information and, as a consequence, constrain the identification of opportunities. Moreover, typical personal characteristics – locus of control, need for independence and need for achievement – suggest that entrepreneurs will tend to take a central position in their stakeholder environments and thus fail to adapt to the complexity of stakeholder relationships in their entrepreneurial activity. We approach this problem by adopting a network perspective on stakeholder management. We propose a heuristic approach of stakeholder analysis, which requires two mappings of the entrepreneurial constituents. The first mapping focuses on current interactions between the entrepreneur and their stakeholders, while the second focuses on a specific issue and the stakeholders that constitute it. In effect, such a stakeholder analysis requires entrepreneurs to use the complexity of stakeholder relationships in order to go beyond their cognitive limitations and thus facilitate the discovery of new opportunities. As we will argue, this has clear implications for the ethics and activities of entrepreneurs.     

俄罗斯加入世贸组织的历程、减让承诺和中国的机会

本文全面回顾了俄罗斯漫长而曲折的入世进程,揭示出一幅错综复杂的国际经济和政治关系图景。根据目前已经公开的世贸组织文件,本文初步总结了俄罗斯在货物贸易、服务贸易和知识产权等领域做出的开放和减让承诺。尽管这些承诺直接反映了美欧的经济利益,但也同时维护了中国的工业品出口、原材料进口的利益。     

经济学视角的循环经济内涵与实施条件

循环经济的主要内容,虽然是资源的循环利用,但核心却是经济性,即循环经济的实施必须满足收益大于成本的经济性原则。在物质利益社会,技术的选择是服从于经济利益的。这种利益性,决定了循环经济的实施必须满足于一系列条件,如资源的稀缺程度及其市场价格、技术的成熟度、生产规模、产业的聚集程度、资源再利用的社会化程度、国家对环境保护的规制等等。     

浙粤企业家社会公平观的实证研究

文章对浙、粤两地企业家的问卷调查数据,采用Probit模型对浙、粤企业家公平观从两个角度,即对分配差距公平认可度评价和获取机会的社会公平度评价两方面进行实证分析(其中前者简称分配公平,后者简称机会公平),得出以下结论:(1)年龄与分配公平呈正相关关系,即年龄越大,对分配中的现实差距容忍度越高。道德水平和分配公平观有显著的负相关性。意味着道德水平越高,对现实中的分配差距容忍度越低。(2)对于机会公平的看法:年龄、受教育水平与机会公平观有部分显著相关性,其中年龄与机会公平观负相关,即年龄越大,对获取机会的社会公平度评价越低。(3)广东企业家和浙江企业家都认同努力工作对于成功的重要性,认为社会相对公平。     

电子商务发展路径与环境问题研究

本文认为,电子商务是一个既求同又存异由低级到高级不断演化的过程;电子商务企业提升竞争力的关键在于增强获得信息熵的能力,在于求同存异的创新;我国在解决电子商务发展中的环境问题时,既要从国情出发又要对接世界先进水平;既要以市场导向为主,又要加强宏观调控;既要抓住电子商务带来的发展机遇,又要避免电子商务泡沫,重视培育电子商务市场,加强与国际电子商务标准的对接,建立信息化连锁物流企业,制定并完善电子商务法律法规。     

从“行商”到“坐贾”:基于商业集群视角的分析

按照经营方式的不同,商人可以分为行商和坐贾两种,行商的历史要早于坐贾。根据商业集群形成的模型,本文分析了在不完全信息条件下商人由行商向坐贾转变的原因:消费者的最优选择是从商业集群处开始搜寻理想的商品,坐贾的出现进而形成商业集群,可以有效降低行商因机会主义行为给消费者带来的损失。     

制度演化的一种可能机制 --外部性的转化和平衡

经济系统是一个由相互作用着的主体构成的关系网络。产权是有价值的规则系统,产权的价值是在主体之间相互作用的过程中确定的,它因人而异和因时而异的,这就使得产权的交换和产权结构演化成为可能。经济系统中主体的“生态位”是指该主体所拥有的产权以及相应的行为规则集合。生态位的重叠导致外部性的产生,而制度的涌现和演化过程就是外部性的产生、转换和平衡过程。     

An Exploration of Opportunities for the Growth of the Fair Trade Market: Three Cases of Craft Organisations

Businesses that maintain ethical standards have an advantage in the marketplace based on the increasing interest of consumers in products that have a social and ethical component. Fair trade organisations that adopt environmental, social and ethical principles in trading are in a good position to make the most of this growing interest in the market. However, it is unclear whether fair trade organisations are taking full advantage of emerging market opportunities for ethically traded products. This research explores this issue by describing the business strategies of three fair trade organisations that import and sell craft goods into Western countries and evaluates them in the context of this growing market. The research findings indicate that in order to remain in business, fair trade craft organisations have had to adopt better business practices in recent years, improving quality, customer service and product offerings to customers. However, growth appears to be limited, as distribution remains focused on a small, niche market. This paper explores the distribution strategies of two fair trade commodity organisations that are successfully reaching a wider customer base, demonstrating that fair trade products have a unique selling advantage in the mainstream marketplace. In conclusion, fair trade craft organisations are not exploiting this market opportunity to the degree they should and will need to explore wider distribution and alternative business strategies to expand their market share.Debora Randall completed her Masters of Management at Massey University, in Auckland, New Zealand. She is currently using her interests in business and community development to work towards practical economic solutions to poverty. She is living in Vancouver, Canada where she is working on a number of community economic development initiatives.     

电子物流与超市配送——论物流系统业务流程重组

电子商务赋予物流业新的内涵。电子商务的兴起正在引起物流领域的一次重大革命。而开展电子商务需要组织合理、优化的物流配送系统。这样,基于信息的电子物流和结合传统商业的超市配送是重组物流系统业务流程的改革方向。     

Strategic Entrepreneurs at Work: The Nature,Discovery, and Exploitation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities

What do entrepreneurial opportunities look like? How do firms discover and exploit these opportunities to create value and sustain competitive advantage? This paper reviews the strategic management and entrepreneurship literatures to identify the nature and character of entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurial strategies that firms employ to seize and commercialize these opportunities. Three emerging schools are identified. The economic school argues that entrepreneurial opportunities exist as a result of the distribution of information about material resources in society. The cultural cognitive school argues that entrepreneurial opportunities exist as a result of environmental ambiguity and the cultural resources available to interpret and define these opportunities. Finally, the sociopolitical school stresses the role of network and political structures in defining entrepreneurial opportunities. We integrate these perspectives to offer a way to improve understanding of the opportunity creation and exploitation process.     

集群租金视角下的创业企业孵化研究

产业集群是创业企业天然的孵化器,在集群区域内创业,可以获得更大的资源优势和能力拓展空间,产生超额利润即集群租金.而企业家对集群租金的追逐,也成为推动集群创业企业建立和发展的内在动力,并贯穿集群创业过程的始终.不过集群内企业家的寻租行为也面临多个潜在约束,如知识吸收能力、创新能力、创业模式、集群租金的周期性特征等,突破这些潜在约束也就成为实现集群创业企业孵化的关键.     

跨国零售与我国供货商矛盾:政策角度的剖析

零售业是一个国家引导生产、促进消费的重要经济领域.零售业的采购行为会影响上游制造业产品的定价和交易量.我国零售业的过度开放为拥有巨大资本实力和丰富经营经验的跨国零售的进入与扩张提供了极大的便利.外资政策制定与跨国零售相对市场优势地位形成、流通政策缺陷与跨国零售不规范行为密切相关.认为政策重点应该从"数量"转移到"质量"、增加"选址"等方面的政策内容,并保障政策执行.     

中国利用外资实践的功能评价与战略选择——基于经济与管理学视角的实证描述

对中国利用FDI的长期实践的观察和计量研究表明，吸引外资对于促进中国国内竞争的制度效应也已显现；随着世界经济科技的新发展和投入要素结构的新变化，外资流入在持续显示其对中国区域经济发展的重要作用的同时，开始构造新的影响区域经济发展的功能机制；FDI活动对中国贸易流向和贸易关系变化的影响也在不断加深。面对全球化在微观层面日益深入、广泛地分解企业价值链和国际分工模式向“波谱模式”转变的重要契机，重新审视和调整中国利用外资的政策和战略，要求以提高科技含量和产业结构升级为中心，多样化利用外资；对中国过去行之有效的外资政策实施科学评估并加以必要的改进；建立起地区间利用外资的政策协调机制。     

演化经济学视角下的技术与知识关系研究——兼论技术知识本质论的局限

认为技术的本质是知识甚至将二者等同起来的技术知识本质论是当前的主流观点,这种观点虽然有所进步但仍有其局限。演化经济学的发展为研究技术与知识关系提供了新视角,通过隐喻生物基因型和表型理论,技术可被理解为是以技术知识作为基因型的表型,是知识和外部环境耦合的结果,是类似于生物技能的人类关于如何做事的指令。这种技术与知识演化关系论不仅具有深刻的理论内涵和现实解释力,也契合现代自然科学和哲学的发展方向,是技术理论发展的必然趋势。     

中国制造业升级路径的新视角:文化产业与制造业融合

前人的研究主要是从技术创新的视角来探讨产业升级,却忽视产业升级应该是多种路径的综合运用.文章认为中国制造业的升级在坚持技术创新传统路径的基础上,还可以开辟文化产业与制造业融合的新路径.通过文化产业与制造业的延伸融合、交叉融合以及关联融合,充分发挥文化产业既是消费服务业,又是生产服务业的作用,提升制造业的文化附加值,促进制造业升级.     

Some Empirical Evidence of Chinese Accounting System and Business Management Practices from an Ethical Perspective

China is moving from a centralized to a market economy to bring about efficiency in its economy and to form a business partnership with the West. With its reform adopting an open-door policy, there may be a need to assure its partners in the western world that appropriate steps would be taken to develop and foster a business culture with which the western countries and the Chinese businesses can work. The present study attempted to find whether there has been a change in business ethical culture, accounting system and practice in the Chinese business between 1978 and the present, and the degree of similarity in the Chinese ethics and guidelines compared to Western ethics and guidelines. The result of the study has been analyzed from an institutional perspective to explore institutional change. The result showed that there is general growing support of Chinese management toward change in business ethical culture and practice. It was observed that there was not much similarity in the documents used for ethical guidance and control with those of the West. The findings of the paper are expected to be relevant to international investors and executives interested in investing or working in China.     

基于企业国际经验的国外市场选择和进入模式研究

国际经验对企业选择国外市场进入模式的影响是企业国际化管理研究的重点之一,然而这一问题并没有引起国内理论研究的广泛关注。为了弥补这个缺陷,本文对288家国内上市公司的国际经营数据进行了研究。研究发现,企业国际经验,特别是决策团队的国际经验对国外市场选择和国外市场进入模式存在积极的影响。同时,规模越大、技术含量越高的企业,越倾向于选择资源投入较大的国外市场进入模式。